Chapter 11: Sociology: Theories and Institutions Flashcards

Question

Give an example of a cultural barrier in healthcare mentioned in the book (patient autonomy conflicting with cultural beliefs and values)

Answer 1

Patient admitted to ICU with severe respiratory stress and nearing circulatory collapse Patient does not speak the language of the providers, patient is eventually sedated so they could intubate and ventilate Test discover widespread metastatic lung cancer that is unlikely to be cured or controlled Patient’s wife and children visit, told the bad news In their culture, family members are expected to make healthcare decisions for the ill to avoid burdening them with such matters, and ask that the healthcare team not informed the patient of their diagnosis The medical team field that they must appear to the tenants of local medical ethics, and their countries laws, and allow the patient to make their own healthcare decision What would you do? This is an example of a cultural barrier experience in healthcare

Answer 2

Demographics referred to the statistics of populations, and are the mathematical applications of sociology Age: age Gender: society’s notions of femininity, masculinity, and other sexual identities. Gender is therefore a socially constructed set of ideas about what it means to be male, female, or otherwise in a given culture. Race and ethnicity: no uniform agreement about racial categories, each society generates its own racial labels, making race a social construct. Sexual orientation: the direction of one’s sexual interest. Immigration status: immigrants, whether documented or undocumented, or interwoven into every social structure and institution in the United States

Answer 3

Life course perspective: considering an individual’s age and cumulative life experiences when analyzing their personality, social status, health, and other social metrics Ageism: prejudice or discrimination based on a person‘s age (due to potentially large differences in the experiences between age cohorts, prejudice, or discrimination based on a person’s age can arise)

Answer 4

Sex is a biological category. In many species, including humans, phenotypic female is an individual that produces the larger gamete (the ovum) and carries offspring Gender is society’s notions of femininity, masculinity, and other sexual identities. Gender is a socially constructed set of ideas about what it means to be male, female, or otherwise in a given culture. Gender roles are expected behavioral traits associated with a particular sex, also social constructs Gender identity, adopted behaviors that protect the gender that the individual wishes to portray Gender segregation: separation of individual individuals based on perceived gender Gender inequality: intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of others Gender stratification: inequality in access to social resources that is based on gender, it is an example of social stratification in general

Answer 5

Sociologist specify that the term race refers to socially constructed groupings of people based specifically on inherited phenotypic characteristics Ethnicity: the term sociologist to use for grouping of people based on shared language, cultural heritage, religion, and or national origin Symbolic ethnicity describes a specific condition to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in every day life (example: Irish Americans in the United States, celebrate their heritage only one day per year: St. Patrick’s Day. In all other facets of life, these individuals, Irish American at this date does not play a significant role)

Answer 6

Symbolic ethnicity describes a specific condition to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in every day life example: Irish Americans in the United States, celebrate their heritage only one day per year: St. Patrick’s Day. In all other facets of life, these individuals, Irish American at this date does not play a significant role Other examples include attending folk, festivals, visiting specific cultural locals for holidays, or participating in an ethnic celebration

Answer 7

Defined as the direction of one sexual interest Sexual orientation involves a person sexual feelings, and may or may not be significant contributor to that person sense of identity Sexual orientation may or may not be evident in the persons appearance or behavior The Kinsley scale describes sexuality on a 0 to 6 scale, with zero representing exclusive heterosexuality and representing exclusive homosexuality. When ranked on the Kinsley scale, few people actually fell into the categories of zero and six, with a significant portion of the population, falling somewhere between the two

Answer 8

Sexual and gender identity minorities are often grouped together under the term LGBTQ. In some cases, this acronym has been expanded to include other self definitions of sexuality and sexual identity, including I for intersex, or A for asexual. The most significant historical disparity in the LGBTQ community is HIV, disproportionately affected individuals who are gay and urban environments during the early 1980s Within the healthcare system, individuals who are lesbian receive less screening for cervical cancer, and may not be screening for other sexually transmitted infections Individuals who are transgender have multiple areas of increased risk, including off label or unsupervised use of “street hormones“ without proper counseling on the side effects Mental health disparities are also common in the LGBTQ community. LGBTQ youth are significantly higher risk for bullying, victimization, and violence, and have higher rates of suicide. In adult adults, the LGBTQ population has a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety that their heterosexual and gender counterparts Men who are gay, have an increased rate of eating disorders as compared to men who are heterosexual

Answer 9

Generational status refers to the place of birth of a specific person or that person’s parents Intersectionality: when biases and prejudice against certain racial and ethnic groups are compounded by the individuals immigrant status leading to discrimination or oppression

Answer 10

Demographic shifts or changes in the makeup of a population overtime Population pyramids provide a histogram of the population size of various age cohorts

Answer 11

The total rate of change of a population is the crude rate

Answer 12

Migration is a contributor to population growth Immigration is defined as movement into a new geographic space Emigration is movement away from a geographic space Pull factors are positive attributes of the new location that attract new residents Push factors are negative attributes of the old location that encourage existing residence to leave

Answer 13

Demographic transition is a specific example of a demographic shift that occurs as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrial economic system Demographic transition theory: explain this link between economic development and demographic shift in four stages: Stage one: pre-industrial society; birth, and death rate rates are both high, resulting in a stable population Stage two: economic, progress leads to improve improvements to healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages, causing a decrease in death rates. Thus the total population increases. Stage three: improvements in contraception, women’s rights, and a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy causes birth rates to drop. As birth and death rates equalize, population growth hits an inflection point and begins to level off. Stage four: in industrialized society; birth rates and death rates are both low, resulting in a relative constant total population

Answer 14

Stage five: theory in which birth rates continue to drop and fall below the death rate, resulting in a decline of total population Germany and Japan are currently experiencing democratic shifts expected in this theorized fifth stage

Answer 15

Some theorist predict that demographic transition among developing nations, might cause growth in the world’s population to outpace the world’s ability to generate food. The resulting hypothetical mass starvation is called the Malthusian catastrophe This result is similar to the death phase of bacterial growth, when resources in the environment have been depleted

Answer 16

Social movements are organized either to promote or to resist social change These movements are often motivated by a group perceived relative deprivation: a decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the whole of society, or relative to what the group is accustomed to from the past Proactive: social movements that promote social change Reactive: social movements that resist social change Proactive movements include civil rights movement, women’s rights movement, gay rights movement, animal rights movement, and environmentalism movement Reactive movements include the white supremacist movement, counterculture movement, anti-globalization movement, and anti-immigration movement Social movements may establish coordinated organizations (examples: national Association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP), American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), human rights campaign (HRC), Humane Society, and green peace)

Answer 17

Globalization is the process of merging of the separate nations of the world into a single sociocultural entity, and is a relatively recent phenomenon spurred on by improvements and global communication, technology and economic independence Can lead to both positive and negative effects The availability of foods from around the world during an entire year can only be accomplished through trade with an extremely large number of world markets Significant worldwide unemployment, rising prices, increased pollution, civil, unrest (particularly in unindustrialized or undemocratic nations), and global terrorism are negative effects of globalization

Answer 18

Traditionally, the health sector has been organized at the national, state, or local level, but this is beginning to change World health organization (WHO), the American Red Cross, and doctors without borders supply aid to populations in need around the globe

Answer 19

Urbanization refers to dense areas of population, creating a poll for migration In other words, cities are formed as individuals move into an established residency in these new urban centers Ancient populations, established cities in Jerusalem, Athens, Timbuktu, etc. More than half of the world’s populations live in water are considered urban areas

Chapter 11: Sociology: Theories and Institutions Flashcards

(60 cards)