Chapter 6: Identity and Personality Flashcards

Question

Eric Erickson‘s theory of psychosocial development I like this one.

Answer 1

Ericksons theory of psychosocial development theorizes that personality development is driven by the successful resolution of a series of social and emotional conflicts.

Answer 2

Intimacy versus isolation is the main crisis of young adulthood. People focus on creating long lasting bonds with others Favorable outcomes or love, the ability to have intimate relationships with others, and the ability to commit oneself to another person into one’s own goals If this crisis is not favorably, resolved, there will be an avoidance of commitment, alienation, and distancing of oneself from others and one’s ideas Isolated individuals are either withdrawn or capable of only superficial relationship relationships with others

Answer 3

The conflict of middle age, 40 to 65 years, is generativity versus stagnation The focus is on advancing present and future society The successful resolution of this conflict, results in an individual capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society If this crisis is not overcome, one acquire a sense of stagnation, and maybe become self indulgent, bored, and self-centered with little care for others

Answer 4

Brings about the crisis of integrity versus despair The focus tends to be reflective and contemplative If favorably resolved, we will see wisdom, which Erickson defined as detached concern with life itself, with assurance in the meaning of life, dignity, and an acceptance of the fact that one’s life has been worthwhile, along with a readiness to face death If not resolved favorably, there will be feelings of bitterness about one’s life, a feeling that life has been worthless, and at the same time, fear over one’s own in pending death

Answer 5

Kohlberg moral reasoning of personal development focuses on the development of moral thinking. In contrast, this theory does not focus on urges or on resolving conflicts. Super interesting: Kohlbergs observations about moral reasoning were based on responses of subjects to hypothetical moral dilemmas. He wasn’t interested in the participants appraisal of the actions as right or wrong, he was interested in the reasoning behind the appraisal.

Answer 6

Preconventional morality: pre-adolescent thinking, emphasis on the consequences of moral choice Stage one: obedience (avoiding punishment) Stage two: self interest (gaining rewards) Conventional morality: early adolescence, individuals begin to see themselves in terms of their relationship relationships to others Stage three: conformity (“nice person” or orientation) Stage four: law and order (social order) Post conventional morality: a level of reasoning and claimed not everyone was capable of Stage five: social contract (moral rules to ensure the greater good) Stage six: universal human ethics (decision should be made in consideration of abstract principles)

Answer 7

Conventional morality correspondence to average adult moral reasoning Preconventional is therefore expected in children Post conventional is expected in a smaller subset of adults with more advanced, moral reasoning skills than the average population

Answer 8

Kohlberg viewed the six stages of moral reasoning as a progression where each stage is adopted and then abandoned for the next as the individual progresses. Critics would argue that post conventional morality describes views that are more prevalent and individual individualistic societies and is therefore biased against collectivist cultures. Furthermore, Kohlberg’s research was only performed using male subjects. This selectivity and research may cloud differences and reasoning patterns that may exist between genders.

Answer 9

Vygotsky’s argued that the motivating force behind cognitive development was a child’s internalization of various aspects of culture: rules, symbols, language, etc. As a child in internalized, these various interpersonal and cultural rules, cognitive activity developed accordingly.

Answer 10

Vykotskys concept of the zone of proximal development, refers to skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed, but are in the process of development. Gaining these skills requires input of those that know.

Answer 11

Jean Piaget: theory of child development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Answer 12

Children might experience with other identities by taking on roles of others, such as when children playhouse or school. Role taking is good practice for later in life. Children become able to see how others perceive them and to imagine themselves from the outside. The ability to sense how another’s mind works is referred to as theory of mind. Our understanding of how they see us is appropriately called the looking glass self

Answer 13

Our understanding of how others see us is known as the looking glass self The ability to sense how another’s mind works is referred to as theory of mind A reference group is the group that we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves Our self-concept often depends on whom we are comparing ourselves to.

Answer 14

Identity is the way we define ourselves Personality describes the set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and location Identity describe describes who we are, personality describes how we act and react to the world around us

Answer 15

Psychoanalytic Humanistic Type and trait Behaviorist

Answer 16

Frued and Jung are known for their psychoanalytic perspective. They all have the common assumption of a unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality Freud: id, ego, superego Jung: personal unconscious and collective unconscious

Answer 17

Freud study of personality included his structural model of the three major entities: id, ego, superego Id: basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce Ego: the ego operates, according to the reality principle, take into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id Superego: the ego is responsible for moderating the desires of the super ego. Those of the super ego are refined and focused on the ideal self, judging our actions and responding with pride at our accomplishments and guilt at our failures. Conscious and ego ideal

Answer 18

Access to id, ego, superego, falls into three main categories: Conscious: thoughts to which we have conscious access Preconscious: thoughts to which we aren’t currently aware Unconscious: thoughts that have been repressed Subconscious is not unconscious mind

Answer 19

The egos recourse for relieving anxiety caused by the clash of the id and super ego is through defense mechanism. First: deny, falsify, or distort reality Second: operate unconsciously Repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and sublimation

Answer 20

Jung the give more emphasis to interpersonal, sociological, and cultural influences Jung the main maintains the link with the psychoanalytic tradition

Answer 21

Jung described the ego as the conscious mind Divide the unconscious into two parts: Personal unconscious: similar to Freud’s notion of the unconscious Collective unconscious: shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors Archetypes: emotional elements to the collective unconscious. Example being the god and the devil.

Answer 22

The self, to Jung, what’s the point of intersection between the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious, and the conscious mind

Answer 23

Extroversion versus introversion (orientation toward the external world, orientation toward the inner or personal world) Sensing versus intuiting (obtaining objective information about the world, working with information abstractly) Thinking versus feeling (using logic and reason, using a value system or personal beliefs) Judging versus perceiving (preferring orderliness, preferring spontaneity And most individuals, both sides of each dichotomy are present to some degree, but one tends to dominate

Answer 24

Adler was a psycho analyst Originator of the concept of inferiority complex: an individual sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority, both physically and socially According to Adler’s driving for superiority drives to personality

Answer 25

As with most psychological movements, psychoanalysis gained a following of theorist who learned from an often disagreed with its original tenets In opposition to many of Freud‘s key ideas, later psychoanalyst, often emphasize social rather than sexual motivation for behavior Jung and Adler can be counted amongst these

Answer 26

The creative self is the forced by which individual shaped their uniqueness and established their personality Style of life represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority

Answer 27

Fictional final ism is a notion that individuals are motivated more by their expectations of the future than by past experiences According to Adler, human goals are based on the subjective or fictional estimate of life‘s values rather than objective data from the past “life would be perfect if only”

Answer 28

Freud’s major assumption is that behavior is motivated by inborn instincts Jung principal axiom is that a person’s conduct as governed by inborn archetypes Adler assumes that people are primarily motivated by striving for superiority

Answer 29

Horney argue that personality is a result of interpersonal relationships and adamantly disagreed with many of Freud’s assumptions about women such as the concept of penis envy Neurotic needs govern personalities, such as the need for affection or approval, the need to exploit others, and the need for self-sufficiency and independence Inadequate caregiving can cause vulnerability and helplessness, termed basic anxiety Neglect and rejection, cause anger known as basic hostility Children use three strategies in a relationship with others: moving toward people to obtain the goodwill of people who provide security moving against people, or fighting them to obtain the upper hand moving away, or withdrawing from people

Chapter 6: Identity and Personality Flashcards

(84 cards)