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Psychology > Chapter 11 - Stress and health > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Stress and health Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Distress

A

The effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors.

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2
Q

Eustress

A

The effect of positive events or the optimal amount of stress needed to promote health and well-being.

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3
Q

Identify three types of external events that can cause stress.

A
  • Catastrophe
  • Major life changes
  • Hassles
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4
Q

What is a catastrophe in the context of stress?

A

A big, unexpected event that makes people feel really scared and forces them to make big changes in their lives.

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5
Q

What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measure?

A

The amount of stress resulting from major life events in a person’s life over a one-year period.

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6
Q

Define hassles in the context of stress.

A

The daily annoyances of everyday life associated with short-term illness.

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7
Q

What is pressure in psychological stress?

A

When someone feels pressure because other people expect them to do something or act a certain way.

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8
Q

What is uncontrollability in the context of stress?

A

The degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation; less control leads to greater stress.

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9
Q

What is frustration in psychological terms?

A

The psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need.

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10
Q

Persistence

A

A reaction to frustration, not giving up, even when something is hard or takes a long time

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11
Q

Aggression

A

A reaction to frustration, behaving in a mean or forceful way to hurt someone or get your way.

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12
Q

Escape or withdrawal

A

A reaction to frustration, when someone tries to avoid a problem by leaving the situation or shutting down emotionally.

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13
Q

Approach- approach conflict

A

When you have to choose between two good things, but you can only pick one.

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14
Q

Avoidance- avoidance conflict

A

When you have to choose between two things you don’t want to do, but you still have to pick one

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15
Q

Approach–avoidance conflict

A

When you want something, but there’s something about it you don’t like, so you’re torn between wanting it and not wanting it

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16
Q

Multiple approach-avoidance

A

When you have to make a choice between several things, and each one has both good and bad parts

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17
Q

Alarm

A

The first reaction your body has when you face a stressor, where you feel nervous, scared, or ready to act.

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18
Q

Resistance

A

When your body tries to fight back against stress after the initial shock, trying to stay strong and handle the situation

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19
Q

Exhaustion

A

When your body and mind get really tired after dealing with stress for a long time, and you feel worn out or overwhelmed

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20
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic division in the autonomic nervous system?

A

It reacts to stress by increasing heart rate, slowing digestion, and providing a surge of energy to the muscles.

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21
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

The study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system.

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22
Q

What is allostasis?

A

Maintaining stability through change to meet both perceived and anticipated demands.

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23
Q

Perceived

A

What you see or feel is happening right now.

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24
Q

Anticipated

A

What do you think might happen in the future.

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25
Define allostatic load.
Being stressed for a long time makes your brain and body tired.
26
What is health psychology?
A branch of psychology focusing on how physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships affect overall health and illness rates.
27
Primary appraisal
One step in Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach to stress is looking at a situation to decide if it’s important or stressful.
28
Secondary appraisal
One step in Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach to stress, when you start thinking about how you can handle or cope with the situation.
29
What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law state?
An individual’s performance on a task depends on task difficulty; simple tasks require a high-moderate level of arousal, while difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.
30
What characterizes a Type A personality?
Ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, tends to have high levels of hostility and anger.
31
What are the characteristics of a Type B personality?
Relaxed, laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, slow to anger.
32
What defines a Type C personality?
Pleasant, peace-keeper, difficulty in expressing emotion, internalize anger, lonely.
33
What is a Type D personality?
Distressed and prone to chronic stress.
34
Fill in the blank: The three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome are _______, _______, and _______.
[Alarm], [Resistance], [Exhaustion]
35
What is the main factor linking type A behavior to heart disease?
Hostility ## Footnote Hostility is a significant personality trait associated with increased risk of heart disease.
36
Describe the characteristics of a Type B personality.
Relaxed, laid-back, less driven, slow to anger ## Footnote Type B individuals are generally less competitive than Type A.
37
What are the characteristics of a Type C personality?
Pleasant, peace-keeper, difficulty expressing emotion, internalizes anger, lonely, linked to cancer ## Footnote Type C personalities may struggle with emotional expression.
38
What defines a Type D personality?
Distressed, prone to chronic stress ## Footnote Type D individuals often feel negative emotions and may struggle with social interactions.
39
What is a hardy personality?
Thrives on stress, commitment to values, feels in control, challenges problems instead of avoiding them ## Footnote Hardy individuals see stress as an opportunity for growth.
40
Define explanatory styles.
Optimists expect positive outcomes, pessimists expect negative outcomes ## Footnote Explanatory styles influence an individual's perspective on life events.
41
List some benefits of being an optimist according to Seligman (2002).
* Less likely to develop learned helplessness * More likely to take care of health * Less likely to become depressed * Have more effectively functioning immune systems ## Footnote Optimism is linked to better health outcomes.
42
How does regular exercise affect the immune system?
Increases functioning of the immune system and gives a sense of control over health ## Footnote Exercise can reduce stress and enhance overall well-being.
43
What are social factors that increase the effects of stress?
* Poverty * Job stress * Culturally based factors ## Footnote Social factors can exacerbate stress reactions.
44
How does poverty contribute to stress?
* Lack of money for necessities * Overcrowding * Lack of medical care * Increase in disabilities * Poor prenatal care * Noisy environments * Psychological problems * Violence * Substance abuse ## Footnote Poverty creates multiple stressors affecting individuals and families.
45
What factors contribute to job stress?
* Workload * Lack of meaningfulness * Lack of control * Long hours * Poor conditions * Racism, sexism * Job security ## Footnote Job stress can lead to burnout and mental exhaustion.
46
Define acculturative stress.
The stress or discomfort people feel when they are trying to adjust to a new culture. ## Footnote Acculturative stress can affect individuals from minority cultures.
47
Integration
A four methods of acculturation, when you blend or mix parts of different cultures together. It means accepting and taking on some aspects of a new culture while still keeping your own cultural identity. ## Footnote These methods describe how individuals adapt to new cultures.
48
Assimilation
A four methods of acculturation, when you fully adopt or take on the culture of a new place, often to the point where you let go of your original culture.
49
Separation
A four methods of acculturation, when someone chooses to keep their original culture and doesn’t fully adopt the culture of the new place they’re in.
50
Marginalization
The four methods of acculturation are when someone feels disconnected from both their original culture and the new culture they are in.
51
What are problem-focused coping strategies?
Actions taken to eliminate the source of stress or reduce its impact through direct actions ## Footnote Problem-focused coping is proactive and solution-oriented.
52
What are emotion-focused coping strategies?
Changing the emotional reaction to a stressor ## Footnote Emotion-focused coping may involve reinterpreting the stressor.
53
What is meditation?
A mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state ## Footnote Meditation can promote relaxation and reduce stress.
54
Concentrative meditation
focuses on a repetitive or unchanging stimulus ## Footnote Both forms of meditation have unique techniques and benefits.
55
Mindfulness meditation
pays attention to the present moment without judgment
56
How does a social-support system influence stress coping?
Critical in helping cope with stressors and promotes physical health ## Footnote Strong social support systems can improve cognitive health.
57
What role does marriage play in social support?
Predicts healthy aging and longevity, positively influences the immune system ## Footnote Marital relationships provide emotional and practical support.
58
How do cultural differences affect coping with stress?
Different cultures perceive stressors differently and have varying coping strategies ## Footnote Cultural context shapes how individuals respond to stress.
59
How do religious beliefs influence coping with stress?
People with strong religious beliefs cope better, create a social support system, and may increase longevity ## Footnote Religious practices can provide comfort and community.
60
What are common sources of stress for college students?
Academic pressure, financial issues, social relationships, and time management ## Footnote College life can introduce a variety of stressors.

Psychology (2 decks)

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