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Psychology > Chapter 14 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

The study of abnormal behavior

This term encompasses the analysis and understanding of psychological disorders.

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2
Q

What was the ancient practice of trephining believed to achieve?

A

Releasing evil spirits from an ill person’s head

This method involved cutting holes in the skull, which was thought to cure mental illness.

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3
Q

What model is often used today to view psychological disorders?

A

Medical model

This model involves diagnosing disorders based on symptoms, etiology, course, and prognosis.

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4
Q

Etiology

A

A component that defines the medical model of psychological disorders, cause or origin of something, especially when talking about diseases, problems, or conditions.

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5
Q

Course

A

A component that define the medical model of psychological disorders, the way something develops or changes over time, especially when talking about illnesses, problems, or situations.

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6
Q

Prognosis

A

A component that defines the medical model of psychological disorders, prediction of what will happen in the future with an illness or problem, like how likely someone is to get better, how long it might last, or if it might come back.

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7
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosing abnormality?

A
  • Unusual thinking or behavior
  • Against social norms
  • Significant subjective discomfort
  • Maladaptive behavior
  • Dangerous to self or others
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8
Q

What distinguishes a psychological disorder from insanity?

A

The difference is that psychological disorders are medical, and insanity is a legal term used in court to talk about responsibility for actions.

Insanity pertains to the inability to understand right from wrong in a legal context.

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9
Q

What is the biological model in explaining psychological disorders?

A

Psychological disorders have biological or medical causes

This includes changes in chemical, structural, or genetic systems.

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10
Q

What does the psychodynamic view attribute abnormal thinking and behavior to?

A

Abnormal thinking and behavior come from hidden problems in the unconscious mind, often caused by things that happened in childhood.

This perspective suggests that unresolved psychological conflicts manifest as abnormal behavior.

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11
Q

Identify the manual that describes about 250 different psychological disorders.

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

Published by the American Psychiatric Association.

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12
Q

What percentage of American adults suffer from a mental disorder?

A

26.2 to 32.4 percent

This statistic indicates that mental disorders are common among adults.

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13
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder characterized by?

A
  • Severe depression
  • Loss of pleasure in activities
  • Changes in sleep and appetite
  • Feelings of worthlessness
  • Thoughts of death or suicide
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14
Q

What is the seasonal pattern of Major Depressive Disorder previously known as?

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

This condition is linked to low sunlight exposure during winter months.

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15
Q

What are the two types of bipolar disorder?

A
  • Bipolar I
  • Bipolar II
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16
Q

Biopolar I

A

Has really strong mood swings, called mania, that can cause serious problems and may/may not have depression.

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17
Q

Bipolar II

A

Has milder hypomania which is less harmful and has a strong depression.

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18
Q

What do behavioral theories link to depression?

A

Learned helplessness

This theory suggests that individuals may develop depression after experiencing a lack of control over their environment.

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19
Q

What is the primary symptom of anxiety disorders?

A

Excessive or unrealistic anxiety

This can manifest as specific fears or free-floating anxiety.

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20
Q

What is a phobia?

A

An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity

Phobias can significantly impair an individual’s ability to function normally.

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21
Q

What is the difference between anxiety and fear?

A

Anxiety involves anticipation of future threats, while fear is a response to an immediate threat

Both emotions can trigger similar physiological responses.

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22
Q

What is the sociocultural perspective in psychology?

A

Abnormal behavior is the product of family, social, and cultural influences

This perspective emphasizes the importance of cultural context in understanding psychological disorders.

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23
Q

What is a common consequence of diagnostic labeling?

A

Provides a common language for professionals

However, it can also lead to bias and prejudice against individuals with mental disorders.

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24
Q

What does the biopsychosocial perspective incorporate?

A

Biology, psychology, and culture

This approach offers a comprehensive view of abnormal behavior.

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25
What are anxiety disorders?
Class of disorders in which the primary symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety ## Footnote Anxiety can be specific or free-floating, unrelated to any specific and known cause.
26
Define phobia.
An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity.
27
What is social anxiety disorder?
Fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation.
28
What is a specific phobia?
Fear of objects or specific situations or events.
29
What is claustrophobia?
Fear of being in a small, enclosed space.
30
What is acrophobia?
Fear of heights.
31
What is agoraphobia?
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible.
32
What is a panic attack?
Sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying.
33
Define panic disorder.
Panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life.
34
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
Excessive anxiety and worry occurs more days than not for at least 6 months.
35
What are common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?
Tendency to worry about various events or activities, tension, muscle aches, sleeping problems, problems concentrating.
36
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act.
37
What is acute stress disorder (ASD)?
A disorder resulting from exposure to a major, traumatic stressor, with symptoms lasting up to one month.
38
What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Symptoms associated with ASD last for more than one month.
39
True or False: Women are at a higher risk for PTSD if trauma occurred before age 15.
True.
40
What do psychodynamic explanations suggest about anxiety disorders?
They point to repressed urges and desires that are trying to surface.
41
What do behaviorists believe about disordered behavior?
That it is learned through both positive and negative reinforcement.
42
What cognitive distortion involves interpreting situations as more dangerous than they actually are?
Magnification.
43
Fill in the blank: The tendency to believe that one’s performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure is called _______.
All-or-nothing thinking.
44
What is dissociation?
A break in consciousness awareness, memory, or sense of identity.
45
What is dissociative amnesia?
Loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete.
46
What characterizes dissociative fugue?
Traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information.
47
Define dissociative identity disorder (DID).
Disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body.
48
What is the primary cause of eating disorders?
Risk factors include being an adolescent or young adult female and genetic components.
49
What is anorexia nervosa?
A condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that their body weight is significantly low.
50
What is bulimia nervosa?
A cycle of binge eating followed by unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain.
51
What differentiates binge-eating disorder from bulimia?
Individuals with binge-eating disorder do not purge.
52
What defines sexual dysfunction?
Problem with sexual functioning, or with physical workings of the sex act.
53
What are the DSM-5 categories of personality disorders?
Cluster A, Cluster B, Cluster C.
54
What is paranoid personality disorder?
Personality disorder characterized by pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others.
55
Define antisocial personality disorder.
A disorder where a person has no morals or conscience and behaves impulsively without regard for consequences.
56
What is borderline personality disorder?
Maladaptive personality pattern marked by mood instability and a lack of a clear sense of identity.
57
What do cognitive-behavioral theorists suggest about personality disorders?
They see them as a set of learned behaviors that have become maladaptive.
58
What is schizophrenia?
A severe psychotic disorder characterized by disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations.
59
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Excesses of behavior, including hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking.
60
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Less-than-normal behavior or absence of normal behavior, such as poor attention and flat affect.
61
What neurotransmitter systems are implicated in schizophrenia?
Dopamine, GABA, glutamate.
62
What are some factors involved in the development of schizophrenia?
GABA, glutamate, structural defects in the brain, inflammation, genetic influences ## Footnote These factors contribute to the complexity of schizophrenia and its etiology.
63
What pattern is observed regarding genetic relatedness and the risk of schizophrenia?
The greater the degree of genetic relatedness, the higher the risk of schizophrenia ## Footnote This is particularly evident among individuals related to each other, especially identical twins.
64
Who carries a risk of schizophrenia similar to that of identical twins?
A person who is the child of two parents with schizophrenia ## Footnote Identical twins share 100 percent of their genes, hence their high risk.
65
What does the stress-vulnerability model assume?
A biological sensitivity or vulnerability to a certain disorder that develops under specific environmental or emotional stress conditions ## Footnote This model explains how stress can trigger the onset of schizophrenia in susceptible individuals.
66
Is test anxiety classified as a clinical disorder in the DSM-5?
No ## Footnote Despite not being classified as a clinical disorder, test anxiety affects many students.
67
What is one of the first steps to overcoming test anxiety?
Determine why you want to do well on the test ## Footnote Understanding motivation can help reduce anxiety.
68
What strategies can help control cognitive state and behavior during an exam?
Develop a strategy for controlling cognitive state and behavior ## Footnote This can include techniques such as relaxation and focus.
69
What type of self-talk is beneficial for managing test anxiety?
Positive self-talk ## Footnote Engaging in positive self-talk can help channel energy effectively during exams.

Psychology (2 decks)

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