Chapter 11 - Terminology

Question 1

The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of ________.

Answer 1

The brain and spinal cord

Question 2

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of _________.

Answer 2

The nerves

Question 3

The ________ carry signals to and from the CNS.

Answer 3

Nerves

Question 4

A nerve consists of a bundle of long neuron “arms” called _______, which are bundled with blood vessels and surrounded by connective tissue sheaths.

Answer 4

Axons

Question 5

Nerves are classified according to their _________.

Answer 5

Origin or destination

Question 6

Nerves that originate from or travel to the brain are called ________.

Answer 6

Cranial Nerves

Question 7

Nerves that originate from or travel to the spinal cord are called ________.

Answer 7

Spinal Nerves

Question 8

There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves.

Answer 8

12; 31

Question 9

Sensory information is gathered (and “carried toward”) by the ______ of the PNS.

Answer 9

Sensory / Afferent Division

Question 10

Motor output is performed (and “carried away”) by the ______ of the PNS.

Answer 10

Motor / Efferent Division

Question 11

Sensory stimuli are first detected by sturctures of the PNS called ______.

Answer 11

Sensory Receptors

Question 12

The _______ sensory division of the PNS consists of neurons that carry signals from skeletal muscles, bones, joints, and skin, along with organs of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and balance.

Answer 12

Somatic

Question 13

The ______ sensory division of the PNS consists of neurons that transmit signals from the heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, kidneys, and urinary bladder.

Answer 13

Visceral

Question 14

The CNS disregards about ______% of all integrated sensory data subconsciously.

Answer 14

99

Question 15

The sensory stimuli that the CNS does respond to leads to a ________.

Answer 15

Motor Response

Question 16

Organs that carry out the motor output/effects of the nervous system are called _______.

Answer 16

Effectors

Question 17

The _______ motor division of the PNS consists of neurons that transmit signals to skeletal muscles.

Answer 17

Somatic or voluntary

Question 18

The visceral motor division of the PNS, aka the __________, consists of neurons that transmit signals primarily to thoracic and abdominal viscera. It regulates involuntary control of secretion from certain glands and contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle.

Answer 18

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Question 19

The excitable cell type responsible for sending and receiving signals in the form of action potentials are _____.

Answer 19

Neurons

Question 20

The three parts of a neuron are _______.

Answer 20

Cell body, one axon, and one or more dendrites

Question 21

The long “arm” that typically carry electrical signals away from the cell body of a neuron, and generate and conduct action potentials, is called ______.

Answer 21

The axon

Question 22

The part of a neuron that carries electrical signals from other neurons to the cell body is called _____.

Answer 22

The dendrites

Question 23

The ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum in a neuron cell body together form clusters called _______.

Answer 23

Nissl Bodies

Question 24

The structural filaments that bundle together and extend from the cell body into the dendrites and axon of a neuron are called _______.

Answer 24

Neurofibrils

Question 25

The part of the axon that attaches to and extends from the cell body is called _______.

Answer 25

The axon hillock

Question 26

The axon is wrapped by an insulating and protective covering, which helps to keep an electric current contained, called ______.

Answer 26

Myelin Sheath

Question 27

The branches the extend from an axon are called ________.

Answer 27

Axon collaterals

Question 28

The axon and its collaterals split at their axon terminals into multiple fine branches called _______.

Answer 28

Telodendria

Question 29

The axon of a neuron has cytoplasm called _______ and a plasma membrane called _________.

Answer 29

Axoplasm; axolemma

Question 30

Smaller substances within the axoplasm, such as proteins, move only away from the cell body at a rate of 1-3mm/day. This process is called ________.

Answer 30

Slow Axonal Transport

Question 31

Vesicles and organelles within the axoplasm travel either toward or away from the cell body at a rate of 200mm/day, called ________, or 400mm/day, called _______.

Answer 31

Retrograde axonal transport; Anterograde axonal transport

Question 32

The classification of neuron that have a single axon and multiple highly-branched dendrites, and which also make up 99% of neurons in the human body, is called ________.

Answer 32

Multipolar neurons

Question 33

The classification of neuron that has only one axon and only one dendrite, and which are typically sensory neurons in humans, is called ________.

Answer 33

Bipolar neuron

Question 34

The classification of neuron that begin as bipolar neurons but eventually the axon and dendrite fuse to make a double-headed axon (peripheral axon and central axon), and which make up sensory neurons for touch, pressure, and pain, is called _________.

Answer 34

Pseudounipolar neurons

Question 35

In the CNS clusters of cell bodies are called _______, but in the PNS clusters of cell bodies are called _______.

Answer 35

Nuclei; ganglia

Question 36

The cells that “glue” neurons together and function in maintaining the surrounding environment and protection are called ________.

Answer 36

Neuroglial cells

Question 37

The six types of neuroglial cells, four found in the CNS and two found in the PNS, are _______.

Answer 37

CNS: Astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglial, and ependymal PNS: Schwann and Satellite

Question 38

The most numerous and largest neuroglia in the CNS are called _______.

Answer 38

Astrocytes

Question 39

The functions of astrocytes include ________.

Answer 39

1. Anchoring neurons and blood vessels in place 2. Regulating the extra cellular environment in the brain 3. Assisting in the formation of the blood brain barrier 4. Repairing damaged brain tissue

Question 40

The neuroglia that form layers of the plasma membrane myelin sheath of axons in the CNS are called ________.

Answer 40

Oligodendrocytes

Question 41

The neuroglia that form the plasma membrane myelin sheath of axons in the PNS are called ________.

Answer 41

Schwann cells

Question 42

Flat cells that surround cell bodies of neurons in the PNS are called ______.

Answer 42

Satellite cells

Question 43

The segments of an axon that are covered by neuroglia are called ______.

Answer 43

Internodes

Question 44

Between each internode on an axon is a gap where no myelin is found, called _______.

Answer 44

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 45

The color difference between white matter and gray matter regions within the spinal cord and brain is due to the distribution of _______.

Answer 45

Myelinated vs. unmyelinated neurons

Question 46

The two different types of neuronal synapses that occur between two neurons are called:

Answer 46

Electrical and chemical

Question 47

A neural synapse between an axon and a dendrite is called ________.

Answer 47

Axodendritic

Question 48

A neural synapse between an axon and a cell body is called ______.

Answer 48

Axosomatic

Question 49

A neural synapse between an axon and another axon is called _________.

Answer 49

Axoaxonic

Question 50

At neuronal synapses, the neuron that is sending the message from its axon terminal is called _______.

Answer 50

Presynaptic

Question 51

At neuronal synapses, the neuron that is receiving the message from its dendrite, cell body, or axon is called _______.

Answer 51

Postsynaptic

Question 52

The transfer of chemical or electrical signals between neurons at a synapse is called ______.

Answer 52

Synaptic transmission

Question 53

The type of neuronal synapse that occurs between cells that are electrically coupled via precisely aligned gap junctions that form pores through which ions and small substances travel is called _______.

Answer 53

Electrical synapse

Question 54

Two unique features of electrical synapses are ________.

Answer 54

1. Synaptic transmission is bidirectional (current may flow in either direction between cells) 2. Synaptic transmission is nearly instantaneous (time between depolarization of the presynaptic and change in potential of the postsynaptic is less than 0.1 millisecond)

Question 55

The more efficient and most common of synapses in the nervous system is called ______.

Answer 55

Chemical synapse

Question 56

The three important structural characteristics of chemical synapses are _______.

Answer 56

1. The presynaptic neuron houses synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters, which converts the action potential from an electrical to a chemical signal. 2. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells have more space between them, which is called a synaptic cleft, filled with extra cellular fluid and proteins. 3. The postsynaptic neuron has neurotransmitter receptors that binds the neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron and allows for a response.

Question 57

What are the 4 events that occur at a chemical synapse?

Answer 57

1. An action potential in the presynaptic neuron triggers Ca+ channels in the axon terminal axolemma to open. 2. An influx of Ca+ causes synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis. 3. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. 4. The binding of neurotransmitters causes ion channels to open and allow ions to enter, resulting in a local potential and possibly action potential within the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 58

The two types of neurotransmitter receptors are called _______.

Answer 58

Ionotropic and Metabotropic

Question 59

The type of neurotransmitter receptor that directly binds to a neurotransmitter and controls the movement of ions into or out of the neuron when bound is called ______.

Answer 59

Ionotropic

Question 60

The type of neurotransmitter receptor that is connected to a separate metabolic process, which binds a neurotransmitter and releases a second messenger that activates the receptor, is called _______.

Answer 60

Metabotropic

Question 61

The analysis and interpretation of sensory stimuli to determine an appropriate response is a process within the CNS called ________.

Answer 61

Integration