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Nervous Chapter 11 > Chapter 11 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Vocab Flashcards

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0
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Originate from spinal cord. 31 pairs

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1
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs. Originate from brain

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2
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies located outside CNS

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3
Q

Plexus

A

Extensive network of axons sometimes neuron cell bodies outside CNS

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4
Q

Subdivisions of PNS

A

Sensory division and motor division

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5
Q

Sensory division

A

Afferent -toward brain

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6
Q

Motor division

A

Efferent. Away from brain to organs

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7
Q

Motor division subcategories

A

Somatic and autonomic

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) subcategories

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic division

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9
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Active during physical activity

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10
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Regulates resting functions. Digestion empty urine

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11
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Plexus within digestive tract. Control independently from CNS

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12
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supportive cells, protect neurons. Accounts for more than half brains weight.

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13
Q

Axons

A

Nerve fibers

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14
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Primary site of protein synthesis in neurons.

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15
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Receive input from other neurons axons and environment

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16
Q

Axon hillock

A

Most neurons; single axon arises from a cone shaped area of. Neuron cell body

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17
Q

Initial segment

A

Beginning of the axon

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18
Q

Trigger zone

A

Action potentials generated

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19
Q

Axoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of an axon

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20
Q

Axolemma

A

Axon plasma membrane

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21
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons, bipolar neurons, multipolar neurons, pseudo-unipolar neuron

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

Conduct action potentials within CNS

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23
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Many dendrites and single axon. Most in CNS and motor

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24
Bipolar neurons
Two processes; one dendrite one axon. Received stimulus-- retina and nasal cavity
25
Pseudo-Unipolar neurons
Single process extends from cell body. Sensory receptors
26
Neuroglia of CNS
Astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes
27
Neuroglia of the PNS
Schwann cells, satellite cells
28
Astrocytes
Star shaped. Cytoplasmic processes extend to form foot processes
29
Foot processes
Astrocytes. Spread out and cover blood vessels, neurons and pia matter
30
Pia matter
Membrane covering outside of brain and spinal cord
31
Blood brain barrier
Astrocytes release chemicals to form tight gap junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries.
32
Reactive astrocytes
Injuries to CNS cause astrocytes to wall off damaged area
33
Ependymal cells
Neuroglia that line the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord.
34
Choroid plexuses
Ependymal cells and blood vessels. Secrete cerebral spinal fluid that flows through brain
35
Microglia
Neuroglia of CNS that phagocytize
36
Oligodendrocytes
CNS myelin sheath
37
Schwann cells
Neuroglia in PNS. Wrap around axons to form myelin sheath
38
Satellite cells
Surround cell bodies in sensory and autonomic ganglia. Support nutrition and heavy metal protection
39
Gray matter
Very little myelin and neuron cell bodies and dendrites.
40
Cortex
Gray matter on surface of brain
41
Nuclei
Clusters of gray matter deeper in the brain
42
White matter
Parallel axons that are myelinated.
43
Nerve tracts
White matter of CNS, conduction pathways, propagate action potentials from one area to another
44
Sodium-potassium pump
K+ inside cell, Na+ outside
45
Leak ion channels
Nongated ion channels. Always open
46
Gated ion channels
Ligand gated, voltage gated, other gated
47
Ligand-gated ion channels
Stimulated to open by chemical-neurotransmitter or hormone
48
Voltage gated ion channels
Response to a small voltage change across plasma membrane
49
Other gated. Ion channels
Touch receptors, temperatures in skin
50
Polarized
Opposite charges or poles across membrane
51
Summation
Effects produced by one graded potential are added onto the effects of another graded potential
52
After potential
After repolarization plasma membrane becomes hyper polarized
53
Absolute refractory period
First part of refractory period. Complete insensitivity to another stimulus
54
Relative refractory period
Second part of refractory period. Stronger than threshold stimulus can initiate another actin potential period
55
Action potential frequency
Number of action potentials produced per unit of time in response to a stimulus
56
Sub threshold stimulus
Any stimulus not strong enough to produce a graded potential that reaches threshold
57
Threshold stimulus
A graded potential that is just strong enough to reach threshold and cause single action potential
58
Maximal stimulus
Just strong enough to produce a maximum frequency of action potentials
59
Sub maximal stimulus
All stimuli between threshold and maximal stimulus strength
60
Supra maximal stimulus
Any stimulus that is stronger than maximal stimulus
61
Propagate
Spread. Action potential stimulates adjacent point on plasma membrane
62
Local current
Movement of positive charged ions
63
Continuous conduction
Action potential conduction in unmyelinated axons
64
Type a fibers
Large diameter, myelinated
65
Type b fibers
Medium diameter, lightly myelinated
66
Types b and C fibers
Primarily apart of ANS
67
Presynaptic cell
Transmits a signal toward the synapse
68
Connexons
Group of six tubular proteins. Gap junctions of electrical synapse that allows local current
69
Chemical synapse
Presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, post synaptic membrane
70
Presynaptic terminal
End of an axon
71
Synaptic cleft
Space separating the axon ending and the cell it synapses with
72
Neuromodulators
Substances released from neurons that influence the likelihood of an action potential being produced in the postal apron cell. Drugs
73
EPSP
Excitatory post synaptic potential
74
IPSP
Inhibitory post synaptic potential
75
Axoaxonic synapses
CNS. One axon synapses with another
76
Presynaptic inhibition
Amount of neurotransmitter released from the pray patio terminal decreases
77
Presynaptic facilitation
Amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal increases
78
Spatial summation
Multiple action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals with the same postsynaptic neuron
79
Temporal summation
Two or more action potentials arrive in very close succession at a single presynaptic terminal
80
Serial pathway
Input travel in one pathway
81
Parallel pathway
Input travels on several pathways
82
Convergent pathways
Neurons come together as one
83
Divergent pathway
One into many
84
Reverberating circuits
Positive feedback
85
Parallel after-discharge circuits
Neuron stimulate several neurons and end with one output

Nervous Chapter 11 (3 decks)

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