Chapter 13 Flashcards
(105 cards)
0
Q
Neural plate
A
Flat plate of ectodermal tissue on dorsal surface of embryo
1
Q
Brain stem includes
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Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
2
Q
Notochord
A
Rod shaped, influences neural plate in embryo
3
Q
Neural folds
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Lateral sides of neural plate elevate to become waves
4
Q
Neural groove
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Center of the neural plate, the neural crest is the top of the fold
5
Q
Neural tube
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Neural crests fuse together to create the neural tube. Becomes the brain and spinal cord.
6
Q
Neural crest cells
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Separate from neural crests and create sensory, autonomic and enteric neurons
7
Q
Forebrain, hindbrain, midbrain
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Pouches that develop in embryo brain
8
Q
Telencephalon
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Embryo- becomes cerebrum and diencephalon
9
Q
Midbrain of embryo
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Stays single unit, mesencephalon
10
Q
Hindbrain of embryo
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Divides into the metencephalon becoming pons and cerebellum
11
Q
Myelencephalon
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From hindbrain- becomes medulla oblongata
12
Q
Medulla oblongata
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Most inferior part of brainstem. Vital reflexes: heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, sneezing
13
Q
Pyramids
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Medulla oblongata. Prominent enlargements
14
Q
Olives
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Medulla oblongata. Oval structures protrude anterior surface. Balance, coordination, modulation of sound
15
Q
Cranial nerves of medulla oblongata
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V trigeminal, VII facial, IX glossopharyngeal, X vagus, XI accessory, XII hypoglossal
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Q
Pons
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Superior to medulla oblongata. Has ascending and descending tracts.
17
Q
Pontine nuclei
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Pons. Relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum. Sleep center, REM, respiratory
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Q
Midbrain cranial nerves
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Smallest region. III oculomotor, IV trochlear, V trigeminal
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Q
Pons cranial nerves
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V trigeminal, VI abducens, VII facial, VIII vestibulocochlear
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Q
Tectum
A
Roof of midbrain.
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Corpora quadrigemina
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Four nuclei mounds on tectum
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Colliculus
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Each mound that makes up corpora quadrigemina.
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Q
Superior colliculi
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Pair of colliculus. Receive sensory input from visual, auditory, tactile, reflex movements of head, and cerebrum
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Inferior colliculi
Pair of colliculus. Hearing, auditory pathway in CNS
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Tegmentum
Midbrain. Ascending tracts
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Red nuclei
Midbrain, tegmentum. Unconscious regulation and coordination.
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Cerebral peduncles
Midbrain, ventral to tegmentum. Descending tracts.
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Substantial nigra
Midbrain, black substance between tegmentum and cerebral peduncles. Muscle tone and coordination
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Reticular formation
Several loosely packed nuclei scattered throughout brainstem. Receives sensory from many axons, especially in face. Alertness, consciousness, sleep wake cycle
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Cerebellum, major parts
(Little brain) flocculondular lobe, vermis, two large lateral hemispheres
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Flocculnodular
Cerebellum, control balance and eye movements
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Vermis
Cerebellum, posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination
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Lateral hemispheres of cerebellum
Work with frontal lobes on planning, practicing, learning complex movements
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Primary fissure
Divides lateral hemispheres of cerebellum. Anterior, posterior
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Superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncles
Three tracts that connect the cerebellum with midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.
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Folia
Cerebellar Cortex ridges
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Arbor vitae
Cerebellum. White matter of medulla resembles a branching tree
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Nuclei of cerebellum
Located deep inferior center of white matter.
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Purkinje cells
Cerebellum, receive 200,000 synapses, inhibitory neurons. Only cerebellar cortex neurons that send axons to cerebellar nuclei.
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Diencephalon
Between brainstem and cerebrum. Includes thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
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Thalamus
Diencephalon, largest part. Sensory relay center. All sensory except smell.
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Interthalamic adhesion
Stalk that connects lateral portions of thalamus. Third ventricle of the brain.
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Dorsal tier
Thalamus, axons that originate in central posterior nucleus that registers pain.
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Thalamus functions
Also influences mood, actions of strong emotions fear and rage
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Subthalamus
Small, inferior to thalamus. Ascending and descending tracts. Associated with basal nuclei, control motor functions
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Epithalamus
Consists of habenula and pineal gland
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Habenula
Epithalamus, sense of smell, emotional and visceral response to odor
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Pineal gland
Epithalamus, sleep-wake cycle and other biorhythms
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Hypothalamus
Most inferior portion of diencephalon. Control center of endocrine system, body temperature (sweating, shivering) hunger, thirst, sex drive, mood, motivation, emotion
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Mammillary bodies
Hypothalamus, olfactory reflexes, emotion response to odors, memory
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Infundibulum
Hypothalamus, connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland
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Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum
Divides into left and right hemispheres
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Gyri
Folds, increase surface area on cerebrum
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Sulci
Grooves between gyri
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Central sulcus
Cerebrum, divides into anterior and posterior.
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Precentral gyrus
Anterior part of cerebrum. The primary motor cortex
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Postcentral gyrus
Posterior cerebrum, The primary somatic sensory cortex
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Frontal lobe
Voluntary motor function, motivation, aggressions, smell, mood
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Prefrontal cortex
Anterior region of frontal lobe. Personality, decision making
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Parietal lobe
Major receiving and evaluating center for sensory information. NOT smell, hearing, taste, vision
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Occipital lobe
Receiving and integrating visual input
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Temporal lobe
Relieves and evaluates input for smell and hearing and important to memory
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Lateral fissure
Separates the temporal lobe
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Insula
Deep within lateral fissure. Received and evaluates taste information. Often called fifth lobe
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Cerebral medulla
White matter of the brain between cortex and nuclei.
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Association fibers
Connect areas of cerebral cortex within same hemisphere
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Commissural fibers
Connects one cerebral hemisphere to another (CORPUS CALLOSUM)
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Projection fibers
Connect cerebrum to other parts of brain and spinal cord. Forms the internal capsule.
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Basal nuclei
Group of functionally related nuclei located bilaterally in the inferior cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain. Motor functions
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Limbic system
Cerebrum and diencephalon. Basic survival functions: memory, reproduction, nutrition.
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Meninges
3 connective tissue membranes; periosteal dura, menu heal dura, dura mater
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Dural folds
Tough connective tissue partitions that extend into major brain fissures
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Falx cerebri
Largest dura fold in longitudinal fissure, anchors to crusts Galli
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Tentorium cerebelli
Dura fold, horizontal between cerebrum and cerebellum
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Dural venous sinuses
Spaces that form where the two layers of dura mater are separated from each other. Transports blood and CSF away from brain to jugular veins
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Superior Sagittal sinus.
Largest dura venous sinuses
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Septa pellucida
Separates lateral ventricles of cerebrum
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Fourth ventricle
In the inferior part of pontine region and superior of the medulla oblongata at the base of cerebellum
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Cerebral aqueduct
Third ventricle communicates with fourth ventricle. Extends length of spinal cord.
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Cerebral spinal fluid
Clear, similar to plasma without proteins. Baths and cushions CNS. 80-90% specialized ependymal cells
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Choroid plexus
Ependymal cells, support tissue, blood vessels
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Median and lateral apertures
Allow CSF to pass from fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space
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Internal carotid arteries
Ascend to the head along the anterior-lateral part of the neck
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Vertebral arteries
Blood ascends through posterior part of the neck through transverse formina of cervical vertebrae
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Basilar artery
Vertebral arteries join to form, lies on ventral surface of pons
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Cerebral arterial circle
Basilar artery and internal carotid arteries. Branches from basilar arteries supply brain
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Cerebral cortex blood supply
Anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries
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Cranial nerves has one or more functions
Sensory, somatic motor, parasympathetic
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Somatic motor
Control of skeletal muscles
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Proprioception
Informs brain about the position of various body parts
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Parasympathetic
Regulation of glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle
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Cranial nerves I and II
Olfactory, optic
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Oculomotor III
Innervates four of six muscles that move eyeball
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Trigeminal nerve V
Somatic motor nerve, proprioceptive, cutaneous sensory. Allows chewing food without biting tongue or cheek
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Trochlear nerve IV
Somatic motor nerve. One of six eye ball muscles
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Sensory cutaneous innervation
Trigeminal V, sensory to blood vessels in meninges associated with migraine and headache
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Alveolar nerves
Innervates the teeth (comes from V)
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Abducens nerve VI
Somatic nerve that innervates one of six muscles in eyeball
99
Facial nerve VII
Somatic, sensory, parasympathetic. Facial expressions, middle ear, two hyoid muscles, taste in 2/3 of tongue, spit, tears
100
Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
Sensory, inner ear, balance, special senses
101
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
Somatic, sensory, parasympathetic. Pharynx, spit, taste in 1/3 of tongue, middle ear and carotid arteries
102
Vagus nerve X
Soft palate, pharynx, larynx, taste I. Root of tongue, aortic arch (monitor blood) heart, lungs, kidneys, abdomen
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Accessory nerve XI
Somatic, both cranial and spinal roots. Same as vagus nerve, but also sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
104
Hypoglossal nerve XII
Somatic, intrinsic tongue muscles, thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
