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Physics > Chapter 11 Waves 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Waves 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Amplitude

A

Maximum displacement from the equilibrium position in a particular direction.

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2
Q

Displacement

A

Distance from the equilibrium position of a POINT in a particular direction. It is a vector so can have a negative value also.

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3
Q

Wavelength

A

Minimum distance between two points in phase on adjacent waves.

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4
Q

Frequency

A

The number of wavelengths passing a given point per unit of time.

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5
Q

Period

A

Time taken to complete 1 wave.

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6
Q

Wave equation

A

Velocity = frequency x wavelength

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7
Q

Wave speed

A

Distance travelled by the wave per unit time.

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8
Q

Phase difference

A

Difference in displacements in particles on a wave

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9
Q

Progressive wave

A

A progressive wave is a wave that can travel through matter or through a vacuum and carries energy from one place to another.

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10
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

Waves that travel through a medium and create rarefactions and oscillations and oscillate parallel to the direction of motion.

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11
Q

Transverse wave

A

A transverse wave oscillates perpendicular to the direction of travel.

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12
Q

Examples of transverse waves

A

All electromagnetic waves
s waves in earthquakes

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13
Q

Examples of longitudinal waves

A

P waves from an earthquake
sound waves

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14
Q

What is it called when two particles are oscillating 180 degrees out of phase?

A

Antiphase

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15
Q

What is Refraction?

A

Refraction is when a wave passes through a more/less optically dense medium and changes wave speed, bending the waves either towards or away from the normal depending on the density of the material it is entering.

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16
Q

What is reflection?

A

Reflection is when a wave changes direction at a boundary between two different mediums, remaining in the original medium.

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17
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

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18
Q

Where is the angle of incidence measured from?

A

It is measured from the normal.

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19
Q

How do you calculate the refractive index of a material?

A

n = Speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in the solid

or snells law N1 sin theta1 = N2 sin theta2

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20
Q

What are the conditions needed for total internal reflection to occur?

A

The wave needs to be going from a more to a less dense medium

The wave needs to have an angle of incidence greater than its critical angle

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21
Q

What is the critical angle?

A

The critical angle is the angle which a wave enters a medium giving an angle of refraction of 90 degrees.

22
Q

Where is total internal reflection helpful?

A

Total internal reflection is used in optical fibres.

23
Q

Superposition of waves

A

When two waves of the same type meet at a point.

24
Q

Interference

A

When two wave paths cross over each other, producing a resultant wave, possibly destructively or constructively.

25
Q

Coherence

A

When two wave sources or waves have constant phase difference.

26
Q

Path difference

A

The difference between the displacements of two waves from different sources to the same point.

27
Q

How to calculate the resultant amplitude of two waves interferring?

A

Amplitude 1 + Amplitude 2

28
Q

What are maxima and minima?

A

These points are points where waves interfere constructively (maxima) and destructively (minima).

29
Q

What is diffraction?

A

Diffraction is the process by which waves spread out as a result of passing through a narrow gap forming an interference pattern.

30
Q

What is the equation when using young’s double slit experiment?

A

Wavelength = (distance between slits x distance between maxima) / Distance between board and slits.

This equation only works when a is lot smaller than D.

31
Q

What is polarisation of waves?

A

Polarisation of waves is when the wave is only oscillating in one direction perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer and cannot pass through a filter which is the wrong way around.

32
Q

How to change the wave speed of a wave in a ripple tank?

A

make the water deeper

33
Q

Why can even when there is a slit in a material does diffraction not occur?

A

When the gap is either too small or too big and either passes through normally or is reflected normally.

34
Q

Explain how a stationary wave is formed with a rope fixed at one end?

A

The rope oscillates up and down and forms a wave which reflects off the fixed end and this reflection causes constructive and destructive interference causing nodes and antinodes to form

35
Q

Definition of antinode?

A

This point forms when two waves interfere constructively with the same frequency

The point with the greatest amplitude and therefore intensity

36
Q

Definition of Node?

A

A point on a stationary wave where the amplitude is always 0 and is because the waves interact with each other destructively.

37
Q

What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Raging
Martians
Invade
Venus
Using
Xray
Guns

38
Q

What are the conditions needed for the double slit experiment to work?

A

The waves must come from a coherent wave source, the slits must be close enough together to overlap and cause interference and the slits must be narrow enough than diffraction occurs.

39
Q

What is the difference between an emission line spectrum and an absorbtion line spectrum?

A

In an absorbtion line spectrum a series of dark lines appear on a bright background.

40
Q

What phenomena apply to both electromagnetic and sound waves?

A

Refraction and diffraction and reflection

41
Q

How to calculate the amplitude and wavelength of a longitudinal wave?

A

The amplitude can be calculated by finding a point which oscillates the most and finding the maximum distance it has moved.

To find the wavelength you can find the distance between the middle of two consecutive compressions.

42
Q

What is the equation for intensity?

A

Intensity = power / cross sectional area

43
Q

What happens to the intensity of a wave as it gets further away from the source?

A

The intensity decreases as the distance from the source increases. it has an inverse square relationship. if the distance increases by a factor of 100 the intensity will be 10000 times smaller.

44
Q

What to remember when using cross sectional area of a planet?

A

The area is the surface are not the circle. It is a sphere

45
Q

What is intensity proportional to?

A

Intensity is proportional to the amplitude squared.

46
Q

What makes an electromagnetic wave different to other transverse waves?

A

They have electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other.

47
Q

How much does each phase difference change from the central maxima?

A

It changes by a wavelength (in radians/degrees)

48
Q

How much does each path difference change by from the central maxima between maximas?

A

1 wavelength

49
Q

Describe the phase difference between the two waves that form a stationary wave at a node and at an antinode?

A

Node: out of phase

Antinode: in phase

50
Q

What happens to the wavelength, wave speed and frequency when a wave passes from a medium of lower to higher refractive index?

A

Wavelength decreases and so does wave speed as frequency is constant

Physics (24 decks)

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