Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Exam 4 A&P I > Chapter 11c > Flashcards

Chapter 11c Flashcards

(93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the 2 types of postsynaptic potentials?

A

EPSP- excitatory postsynaptic potentials

IPSP- inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what allows chemically gated channels to open and the flow of Na+ and K+ in opposite directions?

A

neurotransmitter binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___(1)___ influx is greater than ___(2)___ efflux

A

(1) Na+

(2) K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

net depolarization from Na+ influx and K+ efflux is called what?

A

EPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

EPSP helps trigger action potential only if what happens?

A

if EPSP is of threshold strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

once EPSP is of threshold strength, what happens?

A

spreads to axon hillock
trigger opening of voltage-gated channels
AP generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which postsynaptic potential causes a local depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, which brings neuron closer to AP threshold?

A

EPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which postsynaptic potential hyperpolarizes and makes it more difficult for action potential to generate?

A

IPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

IPSP makes the membrane more permeable to which ions?

A

K+ and Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

EPSPs can ______ to influence postsynaptic neuron.

A

summate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which postsynaptic potentials can summate?

A

both EPSPs and IPSPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

one or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid fire order is called what?

A

temporal summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

postsynaptic neuron stimulated simultaneously by large number of terminals at the same time is called what?

A

spatial summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when IPSP summates with EPSPs they ______ ______.

A

cancel out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

repeated use of synapse increases the ability of the presynaptic cell to what?

A

excite postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when postsynaptic neuron is excited, the Ca2+ concentration does what?

A

increases in presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what type of stimulation partially depolarizes postsynaptic neurons?

A

brief high-frequency stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which channels (receptors) allow Ca2+ entry?

A

chemically gated channels (NMDA receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what promotes more effective responses to subsequent stimuli?

A

kinase enzymes activated by Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a lot of AP causes what?

A

large graded potential that goes above threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the postsynaptic neuron decides what?

A

if threshold is reached for AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what triggers muscle contractions and turns on genes that strengthen synapse?

A

Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when excitatory neurotransmitter is released by 1 neuron but inhibited by another via axoaxonic synapse is called what?

A

integration (presynaptic inhibition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

less neurotransmitter is release during what?

A

integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
integration forms smaller ______.
EPSPs
26
what is the language of the nervous system?
neurotransmitters
27
most neurons make what? exert what?
make: 2 or more neurotransmitters exert: several influences
28
what is usually release at different stimulation frequencies?
neurons
29
neurons are classified by ______ ______ and by ______.
chemical structure and function
30
which neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions, some ANS neurons, and some CNS neurons?
acetylcholine
31
which neurotransmitter is synthesized from acetate and choline by enzyme choline acetyltransferase?
acetylcholine
32
acetylcholine is degraded by which enzyme?
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
33
what are the 2 biogenic amines?
catecholamines and indolamines
34
which biogenic amine is this? dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine synthesized from amino acid tyrosine
catecholamines
35
which biogenic amine is this? serotonin and histamine synthesized from tryptophan and histidine
indolamine
36
dopamine
controls mood
37
norepinephrine and epinephrine
autonomic, sympathetic response | fight or flight
38
histamine
inflammation
39
serotonin is synthesized from which amino acid? histamine is synthesized from which amino acid?
serotonin: tryptophan histamine: histidine
40
amino acids involved as neurotransmitters
glutamate aspartate glycine GABA
41
what are the 3 neuropeptides?
substance P endorphins gut-brain peptides
42
substance P
mediator of pain signals
43
endorphins
reduce pain perception | natural opiates
44
gut-brain peptides
stimulate release of enzyme and bile | digestion
45
purines involved as neurotransmitters
ATP and adenosine
46
what is a potent inhibitor in the brain?
adenosine
47
purines are usually ______.
inhibitory
48
caffeine blocks which receptors?
adenosine receptors
49
what acts both in the CNS and PNS and can produce fast or slow responses?
purines
50
purines induce Ca2+ influx in ______.
astrocytes
51
what are some gasotransmitters (gases and lipids)?
``` nitric oxide (NO) carbon monoxide (CO) hydrogen sulfide gases (H2S) ```
52
what do gasotransmitters bind in the brain?
bind with G protein-coupled receptors
53
which neurotransmitters are lipid soluble and synthesize on demand?
gasotransmitters and endocannabinoids
54
nitric oxide (NO)
``` learning memories smooth muscle relaxation in intestine (digestion) brain damage in stroke patients lowers blood pressure ```
55
hydrogen sulfide gases
act directly on ion channels to alter function
56
endocannabinoids are involved in what functions?
learning memory hunger (control appetite/suppress nausea) affect immune system
57
which neurotransmitters act at same receptors as THC?
endocannabinoids
58
what are the most common G protein-linked receptors in brain?
receptors of endocannabinoids
59
neurotransmitters are classified by which functions?
effects (excitatory vs. inhibitory) | actions (direct vs. indirect)
60
effect determined by receptor to which it binds: GABA and glycine? glutamate? ACh?
GABA and glycine: inhibitory glutamate: excitatory ACh: excitatory at neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle and inhibitory in cardiac muscle
61
sometimes the ___(1)___ neurotransmitter has a different response because acts on ___(2)___ receptor.
(1) same | (2) different
62
neurotransmitter binds to/opens ion channels and promotes rapid responses by altering membrane potential is what type of action?
direct action
63
examples of direct action
ACh | amino acids
64
neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messengers (G protein pathways) and have broader longer-lasting effects similar to hormones is what type of action?
indirect action
65
examples of indirect action
biogenic amines neuropeptides dissolved gases
66
which receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission?
channel-linked receptors
67
which receptors oversee slow synaptic responses?
G protein-linked receptors
68
channel-linked (ionotropic) receptors action is ______ and ______
immediate and brief
69
what are channels for small cations in channel-linked receptors?
excitatory receptors
70
what receptors allow Cl- influx?
inhibitory receptors
71
Cl- influx causes ______
hyper polarization
72
what are G-protein linked (metabotropic) receptor responses like?
indirect, complex, slow, prolonged
73
which receptor causes widespread metabolic changes?
G protein-linked receptors
74
which receptors bind biogenic amines and neuropeptides and are examples of G protein-linked receptors?
muscarinic ACh receptors
75
what is the mechanism of action for G protein-linked receptors?
1. neurotransmitter binds G protein-linked receptor 2. G protein activated 3. control production of 2nd messengers
76
what opens/closes ion channels, activates kinase enzymes, phosphorylates channel proteins, activates genes and induces protein synthesis?
second messengers
77
______ function in groups.
neurons
78
what do the functional groups of neurons do?
integrate incoming info and then forward it to other places
79
single presynaptic fiber branches and synapses with several neurons in pool are called ______.
simple neuronal pool
80
discharge zone
neurons closely associated with incoming fiber | respond quickly
81
facilitated zone
neurons farther away from incoming fiber | not activated unless very strong signal present
82
patterns of synaptic connections in neuronal pools are called ______.
circuits
83
4 types of circuits
1. diverging 2. converging 3. reverberating 4. parallel after-discharge
84
1 input, many outputs | ex) single neuron > activate motor neurons > control muscle
diverging circuit
85
many outputs, 1 input | ex) different sensory stimuli elicit same memory
converging circuit
86
signal travels through chain of neurons, each feeding back to previous neurons (feedback loops) ex) breathing, sleep wake cycle, repetitive motor activities
reverberating circuit
87
signal stimulates neurons arranged in parallel arrays that converge on single output cell ex) solving math problems
parallel after-discharge circuit
88
serial processing
reflex
89
receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor. neuron, and effector are 5 components of pathways called ______.
reflex arcs
90
parallel processing
higher level mental functioning | 1 stimulus promotes several responses
91
example of parallel processing
a sensed smell reminds of an odor and associated experiences
92
growth cone at tip of axon interacts with environment via what?
cell surface adhesion proteins neurotropins nerve growth factor (NGF)
93
cell death
if do not form synapse with target | apoptosis during development

Exam 4 A&P I (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions