Chapter 12 a

Question 1

cephalization

Answer 1

evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS

Question 2

what increases the number of neurons in head and gives the highest level reached in the human brain?

Answer 2

cephalization

Question 3

what are the 3 primary vesicles?

Answer 3

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 4

what are the 5 secondary brain vesicles:
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

Answer 4

forebrain: telencephalon and diencephalon
midbrain: undivided
hindbrain: mesencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 5

what is the central cavity surrounded by gray matter and has external white matter?

Answer 5

spinal cord

Question 6

what is external white matter is composed of?

Answer 6

myelinated fiber tracts

Question 7

the ventricles of the brain are filled with what?

Answer 7

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 8

what is the purpose of CSF?

Answer 8

buoyancy
cushioning
waste removal
neurotransmitter and hormone diffusion

Question 9

the ventricles of the brain are lined by what?

Answer 9

ependymal cells

Question 10

lateral ventricle > ___(1)___ ventricle via ___(2)____

Answer 10

(1) 3rd

(2) interventricular foramen

Question 11

3rd ventricle > ___(1)___ via ___(2)____

Answer 11

(1) 4th

(2) cerebral aqueduct

Question 12

paired, C-shaped ______ ______ in cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 12

lateral ventricles

Question 13

lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres separated anteriorly by ______ _______.

Answer 13

septum pellucidum

Question 14

where is the 3rd ventricle found?

Answer 14

diencephalon

Question 15

where is the 4th ventricle found?

Answer 15

hindbrain

Question 16

3 openings in the 4th ventricle

Answer 16

1. lateral apertures in side walls
2. median aperture in roof
3. connect ventricles to subarachnoid space

Question 17

surface markings: gyri

Answer 17

ridges

Question 18

surface markings: sulci

Answer 18

shallow grooves

Question 19

surface markings: deep grooves

Answer 19

fissures

Question 20

longitudinal fissure

Answer 20

separates 2 hemispheres

Question 21

transverse cerebral fissure

Answer 21

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 22

5 lobes

Answer 22

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital 
insula

Question 23

what separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and post central gyrus of parietal lobes/

Answer 23

central sulcus

Question 24

what separates occipital and parietal lobes?

Answer 24

parieto-occipital lobes

Question 25

what outlines temporal lobes?

Answer 25

lateral sulcus

Question 26

what are the 3 basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 26

``` cerebral cortex (outer) white matter (internal) basal nuclei (deep) ```

Question 27

cerebral cortex

Answer 27

superficial layer of gray matter | 40% mass of brain

Question 28

what part of the brain is the site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding?

Answer 28

cerebral cortex

Question 29

motor areas

Answer 29

control voluntary movement

Question 30

sensory areas

Answer 30

conscious awareness of sensation

Question 31

association areas

Answer 31

integrate diverse information

Question 32

each hemisphere is concerned with ______ side of body.

Answer 32

contralateral

Question 33

frontal lobe

Answer 33

control voluntary movement

Question 34

what cells do primary motor cortex have?

Answer 34

large pyramidal cells of precentral gyri

Question 35

long axons > ______ ______ of spinal cord.

Answer 35

pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts

Question 36

what allows conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements?

Answer 36

primary motor cortex

Question 37

motor homunculi upside-down caricatures represent what

Answer 37

contralateral motor innervations of body regions

Question 38

what helps plan movements and is a staging area for skilled motor activities?

Answer 38

premotor cortex

Question 39

what controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills?

Answer 39

premotor cortex

Question 40

what does premotor cortex coordinate?

Answer 40

simultaneous or sequential actions

Question 41

premotor cortex controls voluntary actions that depend on ______ ______

Answer 41

sensory feedback

Question 42

Broca's area is present in ______ ______

Answer 42

one hemisphere (usually left)

Question 43

what is active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities?

Answer 43

broca's area

Question 44

what controls voluntary eye movements?

Answer 44

frontal eye field

Question 45

where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 45

in postcentral gyri of parietal lobe

Question 46

what receives general sensory information from skin and proprioreceptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons?

Answer 46

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 47

what is capable of spatial discrimination?

Answer 47

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 48

spatial discrimination

Answer 48

identification of body region being stimulated

Question 49

somatosensory homunculus upside-down caricatures represent what?

Answer 49

contralateral sensory input from body regions

Question 50

what integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object?

Answer 50

somatosensory association cortex

Question 51

what determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt?

Answer 51

somatosensory association cortex

Question 52

what receives visual info from retinas?

Answer 52

primary visual (striate) cortex

Question 53

what is buried in calcimine sulcus of occipital lobe?

Answer 53

primary visual (striate) cortex

Question 54

primary visual (striate) cortex is found on the extreme posterior tip of ______ ______.

Answer 54

occipital lobe

Question 55

what surrounds the primary visual cortex?

Answer 55

visual association area

Question 56

what uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (recognizing faces)?

Answer 56

visual association area

Question 57

what does complex processing involve?

Answer 57

entire posterior half of cerebral hemispheres

Question 58

what interprets info from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location?

Answer 58

primary auditory cortex

Question 59

what stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus?

Answer 59

auditory association area

Question 60

what is responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)?

Answer 60

vestibular cortex

Question 61

what is the region of conscious awareness of odors called?

Answer 61

primary olfactory (smell) cortex

Question 62

what is part of primitive rhinencephalon, along with olfactory bulbs and tracts?

Answer 62

primary olfactory (smell) cortex

Question 63

what is involved in perception of taste?

Answer 63

gustatory cortex

Question 64

where is the gustatory cortex?

Answer 64

in insula, deep in temporal lobe

Question 65

conscious perception of visceral sensations (e.g. upset stomach or full bladder) is called what?

Answer 65

visceral sensory area

Question 66

what receives inputs from multiple sensory areas?

Answer 66

multimodal association areas

Question 67

multimodal association areas sends outputs to where?

Answer 67

multiple areas, including premotor cortex

Question 68

multimodal association areas allow what?

Answer 68

meaning to info memory storage decisions

Question 69

what allows sensations, thoughts, emotions- makes us who we are?

Answer 69

multimodal association areas

Question 70

3 broad parts of multimodal association areas

Answer 70

anterior, posterior, limbic

Question 71

what is the most complicated cortical region and involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

Answer 71

anterior association area

Question 72

what contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning?

Answer 72

anterior association area

Question 73

anterior association area development depends on what?

Answer 73

feedback from social environment

Question 74

what is the large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes?

Answer 74

posterior association area

Question 75

what plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space?

Answer 75

posterior association area

Question 76

what is involved in understanding written and spoken language?

Answer 76

posterior association area

Question 77

spoken language

Answer 77

wernicke's area

Question 78

what is part of limbic system and involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus?

Answer 78

limbic association area

Question 79

what provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories?

Answer 79

limbic association area