Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a communicable disease

A

A communicable disease is a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism and can be passed from one to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a bacteria

A

A bacteria is a prokaryotic single-celled organism without a membrane-bound nucleus organelles it is responsible for producing toxins that poison or damage host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis is a bacteria that damages lung tissue and suppresses the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is meningitis

A

Bacterial meningitis is a bacteria that causes the infection of the protective brain membrane which causes septicemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ring rot

A

Ring rot is a bacteria that damages leaves tubers and fruit in potatoes and tomatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a virus

A

A virus is a non-living infectious agent which inserts genetic material into host cell DNA to make new viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is HIV / AIDS

A

HIV / AIDS is a virus that targets t-helper cells which we can see mean system leaving the person vulnerable to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is influenza

A

Influenza is a virus that infects and kills ciliated epithelial cells which is airways open to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus

A

Tobacco mosaic virus is a virus that damages leaves flowers and fruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a protoctista

A

A protoctista is a parasite which digests and uses cell content before breaking them open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is malaria

A

Malaria is a protoctista hosted by mosquitoes which invades red blood cells liver and brain making people vulnerable to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is late blight

A

Night light is a protoctista that penetrates host destroying leaves tubers of roots in potatoes and tomatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are fungi

A

Fungi digest living cells and produce toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is black sigatoka

A

Black sigatoka is a fungi that attacks and destroys leaves by digesting cells leaving them black in bananas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ringworm

A

Ringworm is a fungi that creates crusty white itchy areas of skin in cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is athlete’s foot

A

Athlete’s foot is a fungi that digests more moist skin between toes causing cracking itching and soreness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do plants use callosr depositation to defend against pathogens

A

When under attack plants synthesise callow sand deposited between cell walls and membranes of surrounding cells it’s cells of sieve plates and plasmodesmatas to prevent the spread and triggers lignin to be added for strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What chemical defences do plants use against pathogens

A 
Insect repellents eg citronella
Insecticides EG caffeine
Antibacterial compounds EG antibiotics
Antifungal compounds Eg chitinases
General toxins EG cyanide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is direct transmission

A

Direct transmission is where the pathogen is transmitted directly from one organism to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give some examples of how a disease is directly transmitted

A

Direct contact e.g. touch
Inoculation eg bites
Ingestion EG contaminated food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is indirect transmission

A

Indirect transmission is where the pathogen travels from one organism to another in directly

22
Q

Give some examples of indirect transmission

A 
Fomites GG socks
Droplet infection EG sneezing
Vectors e.g. rats
Soil contamination
Plant factors e.g. wind
23
Q

What factors increase the spread of disease in animals

A 
Overcrowding
 poor nutrition
 compromised immunity 
Poor waste disposal 
climate change 
cultural factors
 socioeconomic factors
24
Q

What factors increase the spread of disease in plants

A 
Susceptible crops
overcrowding 
poor mineral nutrition 
damp warm conditions 
climate change
25
How does a skin defend against disease
The skin acts as a physical barrier and has a flora of healthy microorganisms which alconbury pathogens for space and produces sebum which inhibits pathogen growth
26
How does mucous membranes defend against disease
Mucous membranes line body openings and secrete mucus which traps pathogens they also contain lysosomes and phagocytes to destroy and dispose of them
27
How does wound repair defend against disease
A clot is formed and epidermal cells begin to grow below collagen fibres are deposited and a scab slough's off
28
How does blood clotting defend against disease
Blood clotting includes a mesh of protein fibres which plug the wound to prevent pathogen entry and blood loss
29
How do expulsive reflexes defend against disease
Coughs and sneezes eject mucus containing pathogens from the gas exchange system vomiting and diarrhoea expel pathogens from the gut
30
How does inflammation defend against disease
Damaged tissue releases histamines and cytokines which cause vasodilation to increase heat increase permeability and trigger phagocytes
31
What is the first stage of the specific immune response
A phagocyte recognises antigens on a pathogen as foreign Opsonins attach to the antigens to guide the phagocyte to it The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen with its cytoplasm forming a phagosome Lysosome fuses with it and digestive enzymes break it down Phagocyte presents the antigens as an antigen presenting cell to activate other cells
32
What is the second stage of the specific immune response
A t lymphocyte binds to antigens presented by the antigen-presenting cell if it's receptor are complementary Clonal selection occurs which activates the t-lymphocytes to undergo clonal expansion into t-helper cells t killer cells and t regulatory cells
33
What are the roles of t helper cells t killer cells and t regulatory cells
T helper cells release substances to activate t-helper and t killer cells T killer cells attached to and kill infected cells with a virus T regulatory cells suppress immune response from other white blood cells to stop cells mistakenly attacking host
34
What is the third stage of the specific immune response
B-lymphocytes covered in antibodies bind to antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex if the antibody is complementary Cell signalling occurs and t helper cells release interleukins which bind to receptors on the b lymphocyte and activate it to undergo clonal expansion into plasma and memory cells
35
What is the fourth stage of the specific immune response
Plasma cells secrete specific antibodies which act as Aggulatins- clump pathogens together Anti-toxins- neutralise toxins Prevent pathogens attaching to host cells
36
Draw the structure of an antibody
Should include the variable region, constant region hinge region and disulfide bridges
37
What is the difference between the primary and secondary immune response
The primary immune response is slow while the body produces enough of the right antibody while the person experiences symptoms The secondary immune response is faster as memory b lymphocytes divide into plasma cells producing the right antibodies memory t lymphocytes divide into the correct type to kill the antigen carrying cell before the symptoms occur
38
What should you label in a blood smear
Red blood cells which are smaller and have no nucleus Neutrophils which a multi lobed nucleus and a grainy cytoplasm Lymphocytes which is small with a large nucleus and little cytoplasm Monocytes which are large kidney bean shaped nucleus and a non grainy cytoplasm
39
What are neutrophils
Neutrophils are white blood cells that respond to cytokines released by cells at the site of a wound
40
What is an autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is where the immune system attacks its own cells
41
Give two examples of autoimmune diseases
Lupus attacks the connective tissue causing inflammation | Arthritis attacks the cells in joints causing inflammation
42
What is natural active immunity
Natural active immunity is immunity which results from the response of the body to the invasion of a pathogen EG memory cells presenting measles again
43
What is natural passive immunity
Natural passive immunity is immunity given to an infant mammal by the mother through the placenta and colostrum
44
What is artificial active immunity
Artificial active immunity is immunity as a result of safe exposure to a pathogen EG vaccination
45
What is artificial passive immunity
Artificial passive immunity is immunity from the administration of antibodies from another animal
46
How do vaccinations cause immunity
The pathogen is made safe by being dead weakened or having isolated antigens or being genetically engineered It is injected into the blood The primary immune response is triggered which forms memory cells If you contact the pathogen again the secondary immune response is triggered which is faster and stronger
47
How do we prevent epidemics
The influenza vaccine changes every year because the antigens change regularly and you Maxine is made every year which are effective against new global strains to prevent an epidemic
48
How can we protect sources of medicine
Many drugs are made using plants and animals all microorganisms only a small proportion of organisms have been investigated so we must maintain biodiversity to save future drugs
49
What is personalised medicine
Personalised medicine is tailored to individual DNA so they are most effective for the individual
50
What is synthetic biology
Synthetic biology is using technology to design and make artificial protein cells and microorganisms to fight disease
51
What are antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions