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Biology circulatory system > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Two Types of Circulatory Systems

A
  1. Open System:
    Blood flows freely within the body cavity.
    Makes direct contact with organs and tissues.
    Example: Insects, crustaceans.
  2. Closed System:
    Blood is physically contained within vessels.
    Blood follows a continuous fixed path.
    Example: Earthworms, birds, humans.
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2
Q

Structure of the Heart

A
  • The heart consists of two double pumps separated by the septum.
  • The right pump receives deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circuit).
  • The left pump receives oxygenated blood to the cells of the body (systemic circuit).
    -Blood flow through the heart is called the cardiac circuit.
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3
Q

Valves in the Heart

A

Atrioventricular Valves:
Tricuspid valve (right atrium to right ventricle).
Bicuspid valve (left atrium to left ventricle).
Semilunar Valves:
Aortic and pulmonary valves.
Valves control the flow of blood through the heart.
Heart murmur may occur if valves don’t close properly.

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4
Q

The Four Chambers of the Heart

A

The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

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5
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Arteries:

Carry blood away from the heart at high pressure.
Made up of three strong layers.
Veins:

Carry blood towards the heart at lower pressure.
Thinner than arteries.
Have one-way valves to keep blood moving forward.
Capillaries:

Narrowest blood vessels.
Allow for slow blood flow and low pressure.
Facilitate gas exchange through diffusion.

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6
Q

Recap: Overall Flow

A

Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins.

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7
Q

The Overall Path of Blood (in a closed system)

A

Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Heart.

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8
Q

Components of Blood

A

Blood consists of plasma (55%) and cells (45%: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets).

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9
Q

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

A

-Made in bone marrow, contain hemoglobin.
-Biconcave shape for maximum O2 transport.
-Hemoglobin gives blood its red color.

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10
Q

Blood Doping

A

-Athletes may undergo blood doping to increase RBC count for enhanced performance.

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11
Q

Anemia

A

-Decreased hemoglobin in the blood.
-Can be caused by genetic disorders or lack of dietary iron.

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12
Q

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

A

-Made in bone marrow.
-Defend against foreign invaders.
-Some use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens

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13
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A

-Cell fragments that initiate blood clotting.
-Form a plug to prevent further bleeding.

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14
Q

Functions of Blood: Temperature Regulation

A

-Circulatory system regulates temperature by changing blood flow near the skin.
- Vasodilation releases heat, vasoconstriction conserves heat.

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15
Q

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors:

A

Smoking
Obesity or poor diet
Insufficient exercise
Genetics

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16
Q

Arteriosclerosis:

A

Thickening and loss of elasticity in
artery walls

Atherosclerosis: Plaque buildup leading to narrowed arteries, increased blood pressure

Potential outcomes: Angina, blood clots, shortness of breath, heart attack, heart failure

Prevention: Healthy lifestyle
Treatment: Aspirin, medications encouraging blood flow and thinning blood

17
Q

Angioplasty:

A

Tube inserted into a clogged artery

Tiny balloon inflates to force the artery open

Stent (wire-mesh tube) may be inserted to hold vessel open

18
Q

Coronary Bypass:

A

Rerouting blood flow around blocked arteries

Using artery or vein to create a new pathway for blood

Double, triple, or quadruple bypass depending on blockages

19
Q

Stroke:

A

Ischemic stroke: Blood vessel clot blocks blood flow to the brain

Hemorrhagic stroke: Brain blood vessel bursts, causing bleeding

Longer time without oxygen increases the risk of permanent damage

Treatment: Clot-busters or surgery, must begin immediately for effectiveness

20
Q

Aneurysm:

A

Artery bulge caused by weakened arterial wall

Blood pressure can cause aneurysm to grow larger, leading to bursting and internal bleeding

Most aneurysms occur in the aorta

Treatment: Surgery to replace portion with patch/graft made of synthetic material

21
Q

Heart Valve Diseases:

A

Regurgitation: Valves do not close completely, causing blood to flow backward

Left side results in deficiency of oxygenated blood

Causes: Aging, previous heart attack, or infection

Treatment: Repair or replacement with human, animal, metal, plastic, or synthetic alternatives

22
Q

Arrhythmia:

A

Problem with speed or rhythm of heart beat

Can lead to insufficient blood flow to the brain or other organs

Treatment: Medications or surgery to implant an artificial pacemaker

23
Q

Congenital Heart Defects:

A

Present since birth
Problems in walls dividing heart chambers, valves, and structure of heart blood vessels
Surgeons can often successfully repair or reduce damage

24
Q

Disorders of the Blood: Anemia:

A

Blood contains fewer than normal healthy red blood cells

Not enough iron/hemoglobin

Symptoms: Dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, headache, and cold extremities
Treatments: Dietary iron supplements

25
Q

Hemophilia:

A

Inherited sex-linked disorder

Blood is missing clotting proteins

Treatment includes clotting protein injections and lifestyle changes to avoid injury and continuous internal bleeding

26
Q

Leukemia:

A

Cancer of the white blood cells
Results in an overproduction of cells that do not fight infection
Treatments include blood transfusions, chemotherapy, or bone marrow transplant

27
Q

Diagnosing Disorders:

A

Coronary angiography: Maps coronary arteries by injecting a dye

Echocardiogram (ECHO): Determines the cause of a stroke and possible blood clots

Exercise electrocardiogram (ECG): Determines the cause of chest pain, irregular heartbeats, dizziness, or fatigue

28
Q

Treating Disorders: Organ Transplants:

A

Organs include lungs, liver, kidney, pancreas, corneas, stomach, heart valves, bone, skin, and heart

Many people die before a suitable organ is available

29
Q

Treating Disorders: Xenotransplants:

A

Xenotransplant = Transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another

Organ is called a graft

Recipient’s body must not reject organ, drugs developed to overcome this issue

Health, safety, legal, ethical, and regulatory issues to consider.

30
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node (Pacemaker):

A

Muscle tissue generating electrical signals

Stimulates muscle cells in the atria to contract and relax rhythmically

31
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node:

A

Muscle tissue transmitting signals through the bundle of His
Relay signals to Purkinje fibers initiating ventricular contraction

32
Q

Heartbeat Sounds:

A

“Lub” Sound:
Atria contract, pushing blood through AV valves to ventricles
Ventricles contract, closing valves, forcing blood into arteries

“Dub” Sound:
Semilunar valves prevent blood re-entering ventricles
Abnormal Heartbeat Sounds: Hissing/murmuring due to defective valves

33
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG):

A

Records electrical impulses generated by nerves

Small voltage changes detected with electrodes on the skin

Helps determine if the heart is generating signals of normal strength, frequency, and duration

34
Q

Blood Pressure (BP):

A

Measures pressure exerted by blood against arteries during different times

Systolic Pressure: Contraction of the heart, pushing blood out

Diastolic Pressure: Relaxation (dilation) of the heart, filling cavities with blood
Measured with a sphygmomanometer in mmHg

35
Q

Causes of High Blood Pressure:

A

Genetics, poor diet, large sodium intake
Lack of exercise, large alcohol intake, stress, caffeine, vitamin D deficiency
Certain medications, hormonal problems, pregnancy

36
Q

Causes of Low Blood Pressure:

A

Standing up too quickly, standing in one position for too long

After an injury, loss of blood, person in “shock”
Being scared, lack of vitamin B12 leading to anemia

Biology circulatory system (1 decks)

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