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Ornithology Final Exam > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of sex determination do birds have?

A

Multiple’ indicates involvement of more than one pair of chromosomes in sex determination.
TSD: temperature-dependent sex determination

Egg determines offspring, not sperm

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2
Q

Which sex is heterogametic?

A
  • females (ZW)
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3
Q

Which sex is homogametic?

A
  • Male (ZZ)
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4
Q

HPG axis

A
  • the cascade of hormones that trigger reproductive behavior, involved in negative feedback loop
  • includes: Hypothalamus, Anterior pituitary, Gonads
  • Hypothalamus releases GnRH to Anterior Pituitary, anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH to testes for testosteron
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5
Q

How many testes do males have?

A
  • 2, Paired abdominal testes lying cranioventral to the first kidney lobe
  • paired to seminal vesicles: store sperm just prior to mating
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6
Q

How do testes differ in the breeding season compared to the rest of the year?

A

Testes increase dramatically in size as the breeding season approaches

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7
Q

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

A

The seminiferous tubules are tiny channels located in the male testicles, where the production, maturation and transport of the sperm cells takes place

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8
Q

How does testes size vary with mating system?

A
  • Testes size is significantly larger in species that breed colonially than in species
    that breed solitarily
  • Higher breeding density is associated with greater sperm competition
  • structural differences in spermatozoa characterize the orders of birds
  • Yellow rumped Warbler has curly fry shaped sperm
  • Blue Ground Dove has longer, thin and straight sperm
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9
Q

HPG axis (females)

A
  • includes Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary, and Gonads
  • Hypothalamus releases GNRH to anterior pituitary, anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH to Ovary
  • Estrogen will be created and ovary will have negative feedback loop alongside HPG axis
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10
Q

How many ovaries do females typically have?

A
  • only one left ovary and oviduct(4 sections) in most species
  • 2 in most falconiformes
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11
Q

What is the cloacal protuberance?

A

Cloacal protuberances develop in breeding male passerines to store sperm and assist in copulation

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12
Q

How do male anseriformes differ from other avian males?

A
  • have a penis that is seasonally grown for breeding season, cloacal phallus
  • much more prominent than other avian species
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13
Q

What are sperm storage tubules?

A
  • ejaculated sperm located between vagina a uterus before fertilization
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14
Q

Name layers of the avian egg

A
  • Shell
  • Shell membranes: inner, outer
  • Albumen: liquid, dense
  • Vitelline membrane (yolk sac): white yolk, yellow yolk
  • Chalazae
  • Amniotic membrane: Chorion, Allantois, Chorioallantoic membrane
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15
Q

Shell

A
  • has inner and outer shell membrane
  • Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)and tiny concentrations of magnesium and phosphate
    salts
  • protect the egg from bacterial invasion and help prevent water loss
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16
Q

Albumen

A
  • liquid, dense
  • Has outer liquid, dense albuminous sac, and inner liquid
  • 90% water, 10% protein - the embryo’s water
    supply
  • Help protect the embryo
17
Q

Vitelline membrane

A
  • yolk sac, includes white and yellow yolk
  • includes neck of latebra and latebra (center of yolk)
  • white yolk has more protein, yellow yolk has more fat
  • 21%-36% lipids
  • 16-22% proteins
18
Q

Chalazae

A
  • protein fibers that anchors yolk
19
Q

Amniotic membrane

A
  • includes Chorion, Allantois, and Chorioallantoic membrane
20
Q

Chorion

A
  • holds allantois, amnion, embryo, yolk sac
21
Q

Allantois

A

within chorion, nitrogenous waste within allantois

22
Q

Chorionallantoic membrane

A
23
Q

How does copulation typically occur?

A
  • involves touching cloacas together
  • examples: often male mounting on top, female flamingos head stay under water during copulation, Northern Goshawks average 500 to 600 copulations per clutch

Ornithology Final Exam (6 decks)

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