Chapter 14 Flashcards
(28 cards)
1
Q
Polygamy
A
- any mating system that includes multiple mates of the opposite sex
2
Q
Polygyny
A
males mate with multiple females
examples: Indigo bunting, red winged blackbird, house wren
3
Q
2 kinds of polygyny
A
- resource defense
- female defense
4
Q
Resource-defense polygny
A
- Male defends a territory that makes him polygynous if the resources females need are clumped spatially, permitting economical defense of a resource-based territory
- example: red winged blackbird
5
Q
Female defense polygyny
A
- When females aggregate, males will compete amongst each other for the right to mate with them
example: Montezuma Oropendola, nest colonially in large hanging basket like nests; males larger than females
6
Q
Polyandry
A
- one female multiple males
rare
7
Q
2 kinds of polyandry
A
- serial polyandry
- territorial polyandry
8
Q
Serial polyandry
A
- females lay a clutch of eggs for a series of
different males over the breeding season
9
Q
Territorial polyandry
A
- the female defends a territory that
contains sufficient resources to attract multiple males, each of which cares for his own clutch
10
Q
Example of polyandry
A
- Galapagos hawk: Cooperative polyandry
- Males are entirely monogamous, the females can mate with up to seven males throughout the nesting period
- Males then help to raise the chicks
11
Q
More examples of polyandry
A
- spotted sandpiper: perform alot, if not all parental care
- Northern Jacana: mates with 3-4 males, males protect over eggs
12
Q
Polygynandry
A
- a female mates with several males, each of which also mate with several females
- example: ostrich, single male will tend to clutch of many eggs laid by several females
- Dunnock example
13
Q
Promiscuity
A
- no prolonged pair bonds formed
- example: Hummingbirds, male hovering displays to attract female, bright pink/purple on mantle
14
Q
Brood Parasites
A
- lay their eggs in the nests of other birds and do not provide any parental care for their
own offspring
15
Q
2 types of brood parasites
A
- Non-obligate(faculative, intraspecific): lay eggs in the nest of same species and in their own nests
- Obligate: Lay eggs in nests of other species.
Have completely lost the ability to construct nests and incubate eggs
16
Q
Obligate examples:
A
- Cuckoo: raid another nest egg to lay her own, so similar to reed warbler nest eggs, not noticeable at first
- African greater honeyguide attacks smaller nestlings
- Cowbirds: attempts to lay in mother vireo nest, fails
17
Q
What aspect of their host species do some obligate brood parasites mimic?
A
- egg size and coloration, coevolution of mouth markings and begging calls
ex: mouth markings of Common waxbill and Pin-tailed whydah almost the same
18
Q
Strategies of Broad parasites to be successful
A
- Cryptic movements
- May eat or discard host’s egg
- Have very high egg-laying
abilities - Lay eggs fast
- Short incubation, rapid growth
for size
19
Q
Strategies of Host species to be successful with parasites conflict
A
- shift breeding season so it
does not correspond to that
of the parasite - outright attack of the parasite
- warning calls
- nest concealment
- egg discrimination
- young discrimination
- removal of the parasitic egg
or young
20
Q
Cooperative breeding
A
Hypothesis: ecological constraints limit successful dispersal and
reproduction of young birds entering the breeding population
Unpredictable or difficult breeding conditions and long-term territoriality favor
cooperative breeding in some birds
Cooperative breeding is much more frequent in geographic regions and
habitats that have low annual rainfall, high mean temperature, and high
climatic variance among years
21
Q
Florida Scrub Jay
A
- cooperative breeding
- one pair bonded couple, one to six helpers
- permanent, group-defended territories
- Levels of testosterone in the blood are higher in breeding males than in helper males; Testosterone levels increase in both groups during the early stages of the nest cycle but then drop to low levels during incubation and care of the nestlings
- Levels of the estrogen estradiol drop steadily in breeding females but increase in helper females during the
later stages of the nest cycle, when helper females tend to disperse in search of their own territory
22
Q
Mexican jay
A
- permanent group-defended territories, and breeding adults are monogamous
- multiple breeding pairs
- multiple generations of helpers
23
Q
Groove billed Ani
A
- 1-4 breeding pairs
- Communal nest
- permanent, group defended territories
24
Q
Acorn Woodpecker
A
- 1-2 breeding females
- 1-4 breeding males
- extended family groups
-Communal nest - territories based on the defense and maintenance of granaries
25
Florida Scrub Jay + Gray crowned Babbler
- Groups of Florida Scrub Jays with helpers produce more fledglings per nest than do pairs
without helpers
- The experimental removal of helpers from breeding groups of Gray-crowned Babblers
reduces the average number of young fledged per nest
26
Siberian Jay
- Offspring remain with the parents up to 5 years beyond independence, are NOT helpers
- Dominant brood members evict subordinate brood mates (they join other groups)
- Live in family groups of up to seven members who share a territory, only the breeding
pair is reproductively active
- Non-breeders: offspring that stayed behind or birds that immigrated early
- Cooperative behavior: several groups can gather at the carcasses of large herbivores
Tolerate unrelated members of the group
27
White fronted Bee-eater
- forms stable colonies; clains have 2-3 pairs, helpers, and offspring
- defend feeding territories
- males alternate with guarding their mate and attempting to make forced copulations with other females
- females attempt to lay eggs in neighbor nests
- can move to another clan as visitor, for breeding attempts, for growth etc.
28
Non breeders for Bee-eaters
- Non-breeders are most likely to become helpers when breeding pairs are close genetic
relatives
- When faced with a choice helpers preferential help the breeding pair to who they are
most closely related
- behaviour may serve to increase the helper's inclusive fitness
