Chapter 12

Question 1

Cell Division

Answer 1

The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter (growth and repair)

Question 2

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 2

A type of reproduction that creates offspring that is genetically identical to the parent; only one parent

Question 3

Chromatin

Answer 3

A complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

Question 4

Stomatic cells

Answer 4

non-reproductive cells; have two sets of chromosomes

Question 5

Gametes

Answer 5

reproductive cells - sperm and egg; have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

Question 6

Sister chromatids

Answer 6

joined copies of an original chromosome; attached along their lengths by cohesins

Question 7

Centromere

Answer 7

the narrow “wait” of the sister chromatids where the two are most closely attached

Question 8

Mitosis

Answer 8

the division of genetic material in the nucleus

Question 9

Cytokinesis

Answer 9

the division of the cytoplasm

Question 10

Phases of the cell cycle

Answer 10

1) mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
2) interphase

Question 11

Parts of Interphase

Answer 11

1)First Gap (G1)
2) Synthesis phase (S)
3)Second Gap (G2)

Question 12

First Gap

Answer 12

G1; cell growth, protein/enzyme/nutrient synthesis

Question 13

synthesis phase

Answer 13

DNA replication

Question 14

Second Gap

Answer 14

G2; organelle synthesis; edit new DNA

Question 15

Phases of Mitosis

Answer 15

1) Prophase
1.5) Prometaphase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

Question 16

Prophase

Answer 16

Chromatin condenses; sister chromatids are formed; Mitotic spindles are formed

Question 17

Prometaphase

Answer 17

Nuclear envelope breaks down; microtubules connect to sister chromatid’s kinetochore

Question 18

Metaphase

Answer 18

Sister Chromatids line up along the middle of the cell

Question 19

Anaphase

Answer 19

Chromosomes are pulled apart and brought to opposite sides of the cell

Question 20

Telophase and Cytokinesis

Answer 20

The cell breaks apart into two cells (original and the daughter cell)

Question 21

Centrosome

Answer 21

a cellular organelle that helps organize microtubules

Question 22

Kinetochore

Answer 22

the place on the chromosome where the microtubules connect

Question 23

Metaphase plate

Answer 23

an imaginary line that runs across the cell, dividing the cell into hemispheres at which the chromosomes line up on during metaphase

Question 24

Binary fission

Answer 24

“division in half”; refers to the process of Prokaryotes that double in side and then divides to form two cells

Question 24

Cell cycle control system

Answer 24

Similar to a clock and has checkpoints along it (G1, M, and G2)

Question 25

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Answer 25

Two types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control; the activity of a Cdk rises and falls with changes in concentration of its cyclin partner

Question 26

MPF

Answer 26

maturation-promoting factor; a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

Question 27

G0 phase

Answer 27

A phase of a cell that is a non-dividing state; occurs when the cell does not receive a green-light from the G1 checkpoint

Question 28

Enzyme seprase

Answer 28

a protease enzyme that plays a critical role in cell division by separating sister chromatids during mitosis

Question 29

growth factor

Answer 29

A protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

Question 30

density-dependent inhibition

Answer 30

A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing; an example of an external physical factor

Question 31

anchorage dependence

Answer 31

The property of most animal cells that it must be attached to something to be able to divide

Question 32

Transformation

Answer 32

the process in which cells in culture acquire the ability to divide indefinitely, causing them to behave like cancer cells

Question 33

Benign tumors

Answer 33

A tumor that remain at the original site if their genetic and cellular changes do not allow them to move to or survive at another site

Question 34

Metastasis

Answer 34

The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site

Question 35

Malignant tumor

Answer 35

includes cells whose genetic and cellular changes enable them to spread to new tissues and impair the functions of one or more organs