Chapter 5

Question 1

polymer

Answer 1

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (built by monomers)

Question 2

Monomer

Answer 2

One single molecule that, with others, becomes a polymer

Question 3

Dehydration reaction

Answer 3

Assembles monomers into polymers (H2O is taken out)

Question 4

Hydrolysis

Answer 4

Disassembles polymers into monomers (H2O is put in)

Question 5

Sugars

Answer 5

Form rings

Question 6

Monosaccharides

Answer 6

simple sugars (Formulas will be a multiple of CH2O) that serve as fuel and building blocks for molecules. Glucose is the most common

Question 7

What is the most common Monosaccharide

Answer 7

glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 8

Aldoses

Answer 8

Has a carbonyl group at the end of the chain

Question 9

Ketoses

Answer 9

Has one ketone group per molecule

Question 10

Disaccharides

Answer 10

Formed when dehydration joins two monosaccharides

Question 11

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 11

The covalent bond that joins two sugars together

Question 12

Polysaccharides

Answer 12

The polymers of sugars - function and structure is based on the sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages

Question 13

What are the storage polysaccharides

Answer 13

Starch and Glycogen

Question 14

Starch

Answer 14

Storage polysaccharide in plants which consists of glucose monomers

Question 15

What are the two parts of starch polymers

Answer 15

Amylose (unbranched) and Amylopectin (somewhat branched)

Question 16

Glycogen

Answer 16

Storage polysaccharide in animals that is extremely branched

Question 17

What are the structural polysaccharides

Answer 17

Cellulose and Chitin

Question 18

Cellulose

Answer 18

Glucose polymer in plant cell walls - linkages differ based on the alpha and beta ring structures

Question 19

What ring structure is this

Answer 19

Alpha Glucose

Question 20

What ring structure is this

Answer 20

Beta Glucose

Question 21

What kind of linkage is this

Answer 21

Starch: 1-4 linkages of alpha glucose monomers

Question 22

What kind of linkage is this

Answer 22

cellulose: 1-4 linkages of beta glucose monomers

Question 23

Chitin

Answer 23

Structural polysaccharides found in arthropod exoskeletons and provides structure for the cell walls of fungi

Question 24

Lipids

Answer 24

Hydrophobic - doesn’t include true polymers (not composed of the same monomers)

Question 25

Fats

Answer 25

Energy storage - made of glycerol and fatty acids

Question 26

Glycerol

Answer 26

three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

Question 27

Triacylglycerol

Answer 27

Three fatty acids banded to a glycerol with an ester linkage

Question 28

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 28

maximum hydrogen atoms and NO DOUBLE BONDS - solids mostly (animal fats)

Question 29

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 29

has one or more double bonds - liquids mostly (plants and fish fats)

Question 30

What are the two types of Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 30

Cis and Trans

Question 31

What type of unsaturated fatty acid is this

Answer 31

Cis-fatty acid

Question 32

What type of unsaturated fatty acid is this

Answer 32

Trans-fatty acid

Question 33

Phospholipids

Answer 33

Two fatty acids and one phosphate group attached to glycerol that self assemble into bilayers in water

Question 34

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

Answer 34

fatty acids

Question 35

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic

Answer 35

Phosphate group

Question 36

Steroids

Answer 36

Four fused carbon rings with a hydrocarbon side-chain

Question 37

Cholesterol

Answer 37

A type of steroid used to synthesize other steroids

Question 38

Polypeptide

Answer 38

built from amino acids, a protein is one or more polypeptides

Question 39

Amino acid monomers

Answer 39

nucleotides (A-T/U, C-G)

Question 40

20 amino acids

Answer 40

organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups and a carbon in the middle

Question 41

What amino acid group is this

Answer 41

Amino group

Question 42

What amino acid group is this

Answer 42

Carboxyl group

Question 43

Peptide bond

Answer 43

covalent bond (uses dehydration) that links amino acids

Question 44

What is denaturation

Answer 44

When a protein losses its native structure (A denatured protein is biologically inactive)

Question 45

What is the primary structure of proteins

Answer 45

The amino acid chain (1D)

Question 46

What is the secondary structure of proteins

Answer 46

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet (2D)

Question 47

What is the tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 47

Three-dimensional folds (3D) (A polypeptide)

Question 48

What is the quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 48

The Association of two or more polypeptides (4D)

Question 49

What are the four stages of structure in proteins

Answer 49

1) Primary 2) Secondary 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary

Question 50

Which three stages of structure of proteins always happens

Answer 50

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

Question 51

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 51

DNA

Question 52

Ribonucleic acid

Answer 52

RNA

Question 53

What is a nucleotide

Answer 53

Made up of a nitrogenous base (A-T/U, C-G), a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group

Question 54

Gene expression

Answer 54

DNA directs synthesis of mRNA and, through mRNA, control the protein synthesized

Question 55

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases

Answer 55

Pyrimidine and Purine

Question 56

Pyrimidine

Answer 56

single, six-membered ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

Question 57

Purine

Answer 57

Six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring (adenine and guanine)

Question 58

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 58

A ribose had an OH molecule on the 2' (found in RNA) and a deoxyribose has a H molecule on the 2' (found in DNA)