chapter 12

Question 1

what is peripheral blood

Answer 1

whole blood circulating in blood vessels. Carries oxygen, nutrients, waste materials

Question 2

what is plasma

Answer 2

clear liquid in which cellular components are suspended

Question 3

what are the cellular components of blood

Answer 3

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

Question 4

what is the function of blood

Answer 4

1. transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones, platelets
2. regulation of body temperature, tissue fluid content, blood pH
   3 defense system: white cell phagocytosis, platelets

Question 5

define Hematopoiesis

Answer 5

production of all blood cells

Question 6

where are red blood cells produced

Answer 6

red bone marrow
Adult sites: skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, pelvis, proximal ends of the femurs

Question 7

where other than in red bone marrow can red blood cells be made?

Answer 7

yellow bone marrow (turns to red), liver, spleen

Question 8

what controls Erythropoiesis

Answer 8

erythropoietin (EPO) released from cells in kidney
in response to hypoxia

Question 9

define Thrombopoiesis

Answer 9

production of platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 10

how are platelets formed?

Answer 10

• unipotential stem cell in bone marrow differentiates
  into a megakaryocyte
• pieces of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes are
  released into peripheral blood as platelets

Question 11

define Leukopoiesis

Answer 11

general term for formation of white blood cell

Question 12

3 types of white blood cell production

Answer 12

granulopoiesis
lymphopoiesis
monopoiesis

Question 13

Erythrocyte appearance

Answer 13

• mature cell lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
• biconcave disks with
• thinner central zone
• stain red

Question 14

RBC functions

Answer 14

• transport oxygen to tissues (hemoglobin)
• transport carbon dioxide to lungs
• maintain cell shape and deformability

Question 15

normal life span of RBC’s

Answer 15

mice (20-30 days)
cats (68 days)
dogs (120 days)
horses and sheep (150 days)
cows (160 days)

Question 16

what is senescence

Answer 16

process of aging

Question 17

what are the 5 types of WBC’s

Answer 17

granulocytes: basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
agranulocytes:
lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 18

where are WBC’s made

Answer 18

bone marrow

Question 19

lymphoid organs and tissues

Answer 19

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils,
and gut associated lymph tissue (GALT)

Question 20

Lymphatic System Functions

Answer 20

removal of excess tissue fluid
waste material transport
filtration of lymph
protein transport

Question 21

describe Lymph Circulation

Answer 21

1. excessive interstitial fluid picked up by small lymph capillaries
2. fluid enters/leaves tissue spaces due to blood
   pressure and osmotic pressure
3. lymph capillaries join together to form larger and larger lymph vessels
4. utilization of one-way valves and body movements to propel lymph toward the heart
5. lymph passes through at least one lymph node and picks up lymphocytes
   6 macrophages in lymph node remove microorganisms
6. lymph is emptied into vena cava just before large
   vein enters the heart
   8.lymph has come full circle

Question 22

Lymph Characteristics

Answer 22

1. transparent or translucent liquid
2. contains varying numbers of cells, primarily lymphocytes
3. different from plasma:
   more water, sugar, and electrolytes & fewer of the larger proteins found in plasma
4. lymph from digestive system = chyle

Question 23

Lymphoid Organs

Answer 23

Primary: thymus, bursa of Fabricius , Peyer’s patches
Ssecondary: spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

Question 24

what does the thymus do

Answer 24

produces mature T-cells from precursors sent from the bone marrow

Question 25

what is the bursa of Fabricius

Answer 25

found only in birds, by chlochea, like thymus

Question 26

what do secondary lymphoid organs do

Answer 26

trap and process antigens and mature lymphocytes that mediate immune responses

Question 27

what are lymph nodes

Answer 27

small, kidney bean-shaped filters located along lymphatic vessels that trap antigens and other foreign materials in lymph

Question 28

how does blood in spleen get put back int circulation

Answer 28

Trabeculae from capsule go into soft tissue of spleen. Smooth muscle cells contract and squeeze blood out of spleen and back into circulation

Question 29

what are the 2 areas of the spleen

Answer 29

white and red pulp

Question 30

what makes the tonsils unique

Answer 30

nodules of lymphoid tissue that are not covered with a capsule

Question 31

Causes of Edema

Answer 31

1. increase in BP 2. decrease of plasma proteins 3. increase permeability of capillaries 4. decreased fluid excretion 5. blocked lymphatic drainage