chapter 14

Question 1

what structure is cranial on the heart

Answer 1

base

Question 2

what structure is caudal in heart

Answer 2

apex

Question 3

what is the line across the ventral heart

Answer 3

interventricular groove

Question 4

what are the chambers above the atria called

Answer 4

auricles

Question 5

what is the space between the lungs called

Answer 5

mediastinum

Question 6

what are the 3 layers of the pericardium

Answer 6

fibrous paricardium
serous pericardium: visceral and parietal layers

Question 7

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall

Answer 7

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Question 8

what separates the atria

Answer 8

interatrial septum

Question 9

what separates the ventricles

Answer 9

interventricular septum

Question 10

what is contained in the interatrial groove

Answer 10

cononary blood vessels and fat

Question 11

what prevents backward blood flow in the heart

Answer 11

chordae tendonae

Question 12

what are the chordae tendondae attached to

Answer 12

tricuspid/ bicuspid valves, papillary muscles

Question 13

where is the heart skeleton located

Answer 13

between atria and ventricles

Question 14

what is the function of the heart skeleton

Answer 14

⚪ separates atria and ventricles
⚪ anchors heart valves
⚪ point of attachment for
myocardium
⚪ electrical insulation between
atria and ventricles

Question 15

where do the coronary arteries get their blood flow

Answer 15

arorta

Question 16

where do coronary veins drain into

Answer 16

rt atrium

Question 17

what system does the rt side of the heart supply

Answer 17

pulmonary

Question 18

what is the sinoatrial node called

Answer 18

pacemaker

Question 19

where does the signal from the sinoartrial node go

Answer 19

to the atrioventricular node

Question 20

where does the signal from the AV node go

Answer 20

though the bundle of His to the purkinje fibres

Question 21

what is systole measuring

Answer 21

myocardium contracting

Question 22

what is diastole measuring

Answer 22

myocardium relaxing and repolarizing

Question 23

what causes heart sounds

Answer 23

heart valves snapping shut

Question 24

what valve is downstream of the rt ventricle

Answer 24

pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 25

what valve is downstream of the left ventricle

Answer 25

aortic semilunar valve

Question 26

what is the lub sound after atrial systole

Answer 26

tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut

Question 27

what is the dub sound after ventricular systole

Answer 27

pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut

Question 28

what can cause heart murmur

Answer 28

valvular insufficiency, valvular stenosis

Question 29

what is cardiac output

Answer 29

volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time, usually a minute stroke volume (SV) = systolic discharge x heart rate (HR)

Question 30

what is stroke volume affected by

Answer 30

⚪ preload 🡺 volume of blood received from atrium ⚪ afterload 🡺 physical resistance by artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into

Question 31

what are the 2 types of circulation

Answer 31

pulmonary, systemic

Question 32

what are the 2 types of arteries

Answer 32

aorta- large elastic arterioles- muscular

Question 33

what are capillaries

Answer 33

microscopic blood vessels from branching arterioles

Question 34

what are the smallest veins called

Answer 34

venules

Question 35

where do all systemic veins drain into

Answer 35

vena cava

Question 36

Which blood vessel in the body carries oxygenated blood like an artery but carries it toward the heart like a vein

Answer 36

pulmonary vein

Question 37

what is the hole in the atrial septum & what does it become

Answer 37

oval foramen -> fossa ovalis

Question 38

what is the shunt between the aorta and pulmonary artery & what does it become after birth

Answer 38

ductus arteriosus, ligamentun arteriosus

Question 39

why does ductus venosus exist

Answer 39

fetus does not need to filter blood until birth. its a bypass

Question 40

is auscultation a true pulse

Answer 40

no

Question 41

what is arterial blood pressure dependent on

Answer 41

⚪ heart rate ⚪ stroke volume ⚪ diameter and elasticity of the artery ⚪ total blood volume

Question 42

what is MAP

Answer 42

mean arterial pressure = average pressure during one cardiac cycle

Question 43

what are the 2 types of blood pressure measurement

Answer 43

oscillometric method (cuff) Dopper (systolic only)

Question 44

how does electrocardiography work

Answer 44

detects electrical impulses on surface of animal’s body produces an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Question 45

what is a p wave

Answer 45

time it takes the wave of depolarization (contraction) to travel from SA node through the atria

Question 46

what is a QRS complex

Answer 46

time of ventricular depolarization (contraction)

Question 47

what is a T wave

Answer 47

time of vetricular relaxation (repolarization)

Question 48

what is echocardiography

Answer 48

⚫cardiac ultrasound procedure ⚫sound waves bounce off parts of the heart to watch the heart beat ⚫used to evaluate size, shape, and movement of the heart and its parts

Question 49

what is two-dimensional echocardiography

Answer 49

⚫produces 2-dimensional cross-section image of the heart ⚫ability to see heart working in real time

Question 50

what is Doppler echocardiography

Answer 50

⚫measures blood flow through the heart ⚫adds color to two-dimensional image ⚫useful for evaluation of valvular stenosis and insufficiency

Question 51

what veins can you draw blood from on a cat

Answer 51

cephalic, jugular, femoral (medial)

Question 52

what veins can you draw blood from on a dog

Answer 52

cephalic, jugular, saphanous (lateral)

Question 53

what veins can you draw blood from on a cow

Answer 53

jugular, coccygeal

Question 54

what veins can you draw blood from on a horse

Answer 54

jugular

Question 55

what veins can you draw blood from on lactating dairy cattle

Answer 55

superficial caudal epigastric vein = milk vein

Question 56

what vein can you draw blood on for ruminents and rodents

Answer 56

coccygeal vein