Chapter 12

Question 1

What is a factorial design?

Answer 1

Experimental designs examining how two or more IVs (factors) influence the DV simultaneously.

Question 2

Define interaction effect in factorial designs.

Answer 2

The effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV.

Question 3

What are the two types of effects analyzed in factorial designs?

Answer 3

• Main effects
• Interaction effects

Question 4

How do you identify the number of conditions in a factorial design?

Answer 4

The product of the number of levels of each factor.

Question 5

What is a 2 x 2 factorial design?

Answer 5

A design with 2 IVs, each having 2 levels, resulting in 4 unique conditions (cells).

Question 6

What is a main effect?

Answer 6

The overall effect of one IV on the DV, averaging over the levels of the other IVs.

Question 7

What is a marginal mean?

Answer 7

The arithmetic means for each level of the IV, averaging over the levels of the other IV.

Question 8

True or False: A participant variable is manipulated in a factorial design.

Answer 8

False

Question 9

What is the goal of using factorial designs in research?

Answer 9

Testing limits related to external validity and generalizability.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: The difference in differences is known as an _______.

Answer 10

Interaction effect

Question 11

What is a spreading interaction?

Answer 11

Occurs when the effect of one IV is enhanced by the presence of another IV.

Question 12

Describe a crossover interaction.

Answer 12

Occurs when the effect of one IV reverses at different levels of another IV.

Question 13

What is the template for describing main effects?

Answer 13

There is a main effect of (factor name) on the DV, such that participants in (one level of the factor) score higher on the DV than participants in (the other level of the factor).

Question 14

What are the eight possible patterns of effects in 2 x 2 factorial designs?

Answer 14

Refer to specific patterns of main and interaction effects.

Question 15

What distinguishes independent-groups factorial design from within-groups design?

Answer 15

Independent-groups design has different participants in each condition, while within-groups design has the same participants in all conditions.

Question 16

How is a mixed-groups factorial design defined?

Answer 16

One IV is manipulated as independent-groups and the other IV is manipulated as within-groups.

Question 17

What is the importance of detecting interactions in graphs?

Answer 17

To visualize whether the effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV.

Question 18

What does it mean to test for moderators in factorial designs?

Answer 18

Identifying IVs that change the relationship between another IV and a DV, resulting in an interaction.

Question 19

What is a simple factorial design example?

Answer 19

A design with two IVs, each having two levels, resulting in four conditions.

Question 20

What is the significance of calculating means in a factorial design?

Answer 20

To interpret the effects of the IVs on the DV and determine if differences are significant.

Question 21

True or False: All factorial designs test for interactions.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is the role of ANOVA in factorial designs?

Answer 22

To determine whether the differences between means are significant.

Question 23

What is the relationship between external validity and factorial designs?

Answer 23

Factorial designs help assess how applicable findings are to different groups or situations.

Question 24

What is a within-groups factorial design?

Answer 24

A design where all participants participate in all combinations (cells) of the design.

In a 2 x 2 design, there is only one group of participants.

Question 25

How many participants are needed for a within-groups factorial design if each cell requires 50 participants?

Answer 25

50 participants ## Footnote This design allows for efficient use of participants.

Question 26

Define mixed-groups factorial design.

Answer 26

One of the independent variables is manipulated as independent-groups and the other as within-groups. ## Footnote In a 2 x 2 design, there are two groups of participants.

Question 27

In a mixed-groups factorial design, how many participants are needed if each cell requires 50 participants?

Answer 27

100 participants ## Footnote Participants are split across two combinations of the design.

Question 28

What are the two types of variable manipulations in a mixed-groups factorial design?

Answer 28

* Within-groups * Between-groups

Question 29

What does the results section of a factorial design study typically discuss?

Answer 29

Whether the main effects and interactions are significant. ## Footnote This is typically found in the methods section of empirical journal articles.

Question 30

How can factorial designs be identified in popular media articles?

Answer 30

Look for phrases like 'it depends' or 'only when' and participant variables such as age, gender, and ethnicity. ## Footnote These articles usually do not specify the type of design used.

Question 31

What is a caution when interpreting results involving participant variables?

Answer 31

Cannot draw causal conclusions for effects involving participant variables. ## Footnote If there is an interaction effect, the participant variable is considered a 'moderator'.

Question 32

Fill in the blank: A 2 (Age: Younger vs. Older adults) x 2 (Task: Single- vs. Dual-task) is an example of a _______ factorial design.

Answer 32

mixed

Question 33

In the context of factorial designs, what does 'moderator' refer to?

Answer 33

A participant variable that affects the strength or direction of the relationship between independent variables. ## Footnote It indicates that the participant variable moderates the effect of the independent variable.

Question 34

What is the significance of specifying factor names and levels in factorial designs?

Answer 34

It clarifies the structure and variables being tested in the study. ## Footnote This includes defining independent variables and their levels.