Chapter 12

Question 1

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 1

The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Afferent division

Answer 2

Of the PNS brings sensory information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs

Question 3

Efferent Division

Answer 3

Division of the PNS carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

Question 4

Somatic nervous system

Answer 4

The efferent division of the nervous system that innervates skeletal muscles

Question 5

Automatic nervous system

Answer 5

Centers, nuclei, tracts, ganglia, and nervous involved in the unconscious regulation of visceral functions

Question 6

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

Part of the automatic nervous system that contains chiefly adrenergic fibers and tends to depress secretion, decrease the tone, and contractility of smooth muscle, and increase heart rate.

Question 7

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 7

Generally responsible for activities that conserve energy and lower the metabolic rate

Question 8

Sensory neurons

Answer 8

Are nerve cells that transmit sensory information(sight, sound, feeling, etc.

Question 9

Motor neurons

Answer 9

A nerve cell forming part of pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.

Question 10

Central nervous system

Answer 10

The complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body. In vertebrates it comprises the brain and spinal cord

Question 11

Glial cell

Answer 11

Are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, from myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain and peripheral nervous system

Question 12

Astrocytes

Answer 12

A star-shaped glial cell of the central nervous system

Question 13

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 13

A filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances

Question 14

Oligodendrocyte

Answer 14

A glial cell similar to an astrocytes but with fewer protuberances, concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system

Question 15

Microglia

Answer 15

Glial cells derived from mesoderm that function as macrophages (scavengers) in the central nervous system and from part of the reticuloendothelial system

Question 16

Ependymal cells

Answer 16

Type of neuronal support cell (neuroglia) that forms the epithelial lining of the ventricles (cavities) in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 17

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 17

Clear watery fluid that fills the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter

Question 18

Satellite cells

Answer 18

A stem cells that lies adjacent to a skeletal muscle fiber and plays a role in muscle growth, repair, and regeneration

Question 19

Schwann cells

Answer 19

Any of the cells that cover the nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and from the myelin sheath

Question 20

Wallerian degeneration

Answer 20

Is a process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed

Question 21

Myelin sheath

Answer 21

The cover that surrounds many nerve cells and helps to increase the speed by which information travels along the nerve

Question 22

White matter

Answer 22

The paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve fibers with their myelin sheath

Question 23

Gray matter

Answer 23

The darker tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites

Question 24

Autoimmune disorders

Answer 24

A disease in which the body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues

Question 25

Multiple selerosis

Answer 25

A chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

Question 26

Cell body (soma)

Answer 26

The part of a neuron containing the nucleus but not incorporating the axon and dendrites

Question 27

Dendrite

Answer 27

A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulse received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

Question 28

Axon

Answer 28

The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells

Question 29

Synapses

Answer 29

A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

Question 30

Telodendria

Answer 30

Is a distal branch of a neuronal axon that can further branch into axon terminals

Question 31

Synaptic knob

Answer 31

This knob is adjacent to a tiny cleft or synapses

Question 32

Synaptic cleft

Answer 32

the space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter

Question 33

Presynaptic cell

Answer 33

In a chemical synapse, the cell that releases neurotransmitter that will stimulate the postsynaptic cell

Question 34

Postsynaptic

Answer 34

Receives a signal (binds neurotransmitter) from the presynaptic cell and responds via depolarization or hyperpolarisation

Question 35

Neurotransmitter

Answer 35

Exampes: amino acids and glumate

Question 36

Acetylcholine

Answer 36

A compound that occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter

Question 37

Serotonin

Answer 37

A compound present in blood platelets and serum that constricts the blood vessels and acts a s a neurotransmitter