Chapter 12

Question 1

Systematics

Answer 1

The scientific study of this biological diversity and it’s evolutionary history

Goal is to discover all the branches of phylogenic tree of life, depicting the genealogical relationship of organisms

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

Identifying naming and classifying species

Began with Carl Linnaeus

Polynomial- proper name for species
Permanent binomial system of nomenclature

Question 3

Type specimen

Answer 3

A dried plant specimen housed in a museum or herbarium by the person who named it

Serves as a basis for comparison with other specimens

Question 4

3 kingdoms

Answer 4

Plant, animal, and monera

Question 5

Taxonomic categories

Answer 5

Generra grouped into families, families into orders, and orders into classes

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, invented the word taxonomy

Taxon: the group at any level
Category: the level at which it is ranked

Question 6

Linnaeus “sexually system”

Artificial systems

Answer 6

Plants classified into 24 classes based on the number and arrangement of stamens in each flowers

Question 7

Monophyletic group (Clade)

Answer 7

Composed of an ancestor and all its descendants

Can be removed by one cut

Question 8

Genus

Answer 8

Consist of all species descended from the most recent common ancestor

Question 9

Family

Answer 9

All genera Descended from a more distant common ancestor

Question 10

Paraphyletic group

Answer 10

One consisting of a common ancestor, but not all descendants of that ancestor

Question 11

Polyphyletic group

Answer 11

set of organisms, or other evolving elements, that have been grouped together but do not share an immediate common ancestor

Question 12

Homologous

Answer 12

Common origin but not necessarily a common function

Question 13

Analogous

Answer 13

Structures that may have a similar function and superficial appearance, have an entirely different evolutionary background

Are the result of convergent evolution

Question 14

Synamorphies

Answer 14

Character states that arose in the common ancestor of the group and are present in all of its members

Character states: two or more forms of a particular feature (present +) (absent -)

Question 15

Outgroup

Answer 15

the set of organisms under study, serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup

Question 16

Cladogram

Answer 16

Provides a graphical representation of a working model or hypothesis of phylogenic relationships among a group of organisms

Principle of parsimony: evolutionary pathways should be constructed in the simplest least complicated and most efficient way

Question 17

Inverted repeats

Answer 17

Two regions of the chloroplast genome that encode the same genes but in opposite directions; between them or a single copy region and a large single copy region.

Question 18

Supergroup

Answer 18

Lies between a domain and a kingdom

Question 19

Serial endosymbiotic theory

Answer 19

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to be the descendants of bacteria that were taken up and adopted by an ancient cell

Mitochondria appeared before chloroplasts

Question 20

Endosymbiont

Answer 20

An organism that lives within another, dissimilar organism

Question 21

3 types of endosymbiosis

Answer 21

Primary- Cyanobacteria are ingested by eukaryotic host, evolve into plastids each is bounded by an envelope of two membranes (2 membranes)

Secondary: eukaryotic cells w/ plastids are engulfed by another eukaryotic cell and evolve into secondary plastids (3 or 4 membranes)

Tertiary: the eukaryotic cells have a plastics derived from a eukaryotic endosymbiont with a secondary plastid, (2+ membranes)

Question 22

Gametophyte

Answer 22

Plants haploid gamete

Question 23

Sporophyte

Answer 23

Diploid spore producing in plants (Algae)

Question 24

Isomorphic

Answer 24

When the haploid and diploid forms are the same in external appearance.

Question 25

Gametophyte facts (3)

Answer 25

Female gametophytes consist of 7 cells, males 3

Both are nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte.