Chapter 15

Question 1

Phycologists

Answer 1

Study algae

Question 2

Mycologists

Answer 2

Study of Fungi

Question 3

Phytoplankton

Answer 3

Photosynthetic algae and Cyanobacteria, beginning of food chain for heterotrophic organisms in ocean or freshwater

Question 4

Zooplankton

Answer 4

Tiny crustaceans and larvae of protists and bacteria

Question 5

Freshwater food chain

Answer 5

Floating or swimming single celled or colonial chrysophytes, diatoms, green algae, and dinoflagellates

Question 6

Marine food chain

Answer 6

Unicellular or colonial haptophytes, dinoflagellates, and diatoms

Question 7

How to produce biofuels from algae

Answer 7

(1) Fermentation of the algal biomass

(2) Industrial growth of algae for oil extraction

Question 8

Pellicle of Euglenoids

Answer 8

The plasma membrane of euglenoids Helical helically arranged protonations strips, which are in the cytosol. These strips maybe flexible or rigid

Question 9

Reservoir of Euglenoids

Answer 9

Flagellate pocket

Question 10

Eyespot or stigma of Euglenoids

Answer 10

Light sensing system in euglenoids

Question 11

Contractile vacuole of Euglenoids

Answer 11

Collects excess water from all parts of the euglenoid cell

Question 12

Paramylon and Pyrenoid of Euglenoids

Answer 12

Paramylon: Euglenoid do not store starch; instead granules of this unique polysaccharide forms in the cytosol

Pyrenoid: The site of RuBisCO and some other enzymes involved in photosynthesis in Euglenoids

Question 13

Secondary Endosymbiosis of cryptomonads

Answer 13

Evidence indicates that the cryptomonads arose through the fusion of two different eukaryotic cells, one heterotrophic and the other photosynthetic

Question 14

Chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum of cryptomonads

Answer 14

This is the outer of the four membranes surrounding the cryptomonad chloroplast which is continuous with the nuclear envelope

Question 15

Nucleomorph of cryptomonads

Answer 15

A reduced nucleus, the remains of the nucleus of a red algal cell that was ingested and retained for its photosynthetic capabilities by a heterotrophic host

Question 16

Haptonema of Haptophytes

Answer 16

A thread like structure that extends from the cell along with two flagella of equal length

Question 17

Coccoliths of Haptophytes

Answer 17

Calcified scales composed of organic material on the outer surface of the cell. Known as the coccolithophorids

Question 18

Fucoxanthin of Haptophytes

Answer 18

A golden brown carotenoid

Question 19

Alveolates of Dinoflagellates

Answer 19

Small membrane bounded cavity (alveoli) under their cell surfaces

Question 20

Mixotrophy

Answer 20

The ability of chlorophyll containing algae such as dinoflagellates to utilize both organic and inorganic carbon sources; such algae are called mixotrophs

Question 21

Peridinin

Answer 21

Masking carotenoid found in pigmented dinoflagellates, and accessory pigments typical of chrysophytes

Question 22

Zooxanthellae

Answer 22

yellowish-brown symbiotic dinoflagellate present in large numbers in the cytoplasm of many marine invertebrates.

Question 23

Stramenopiles or heterokonts

Answer 23

Organisms ornamented with a long hairy flagellum and a shorter smooth flagellum

Question 24

Frustules

Answer 24

A unique feature of diatoms is their two part cell walls, made of polymerized, opaline silica with two overlapping halves

Question 25

Pennate and centric diatoms

Answer 25

Pennate: bilaterally symmetrical

Centric: Radially symmetrical, more abundant and float easier than pennate

Raphe: pair of pores along one or both valves of pennate diatom

Question 26

Oogamous

Answer 26

Sexual reproduction in centric diatoms, female gamete is relatively large nonflagellated, male gamete smaller and flagellated

Question 27

Isogamous

Answer 27

Sexual reproduction in pennate diatoms, both gametes equal in size and nonflagellated

Question 28

Thallus

Answer 28

A basic simple form of brown alga relatively undifferentiated vegetative body

Question 29

Laminarin

Answer 29

The reserve storage material in brown algae which is stored in vacuoles

Question 30

Algin from Kelp

Answer 30

A stabilizer an emulsifier for some foods and for paint and as a coating for paper, from mucilaginous

Question 31

Mannitol

Answer 31

The primary carbohydrate that is translocated with amino acids

Question 32

Plurilocular gametangia

Answer 32

The gametophytes of the more primitive brown algae, producing multicellular reproductive structures

Question 33

Polar rings

Answer 33

Red algae have microtubule organizing centers

Question 34

Floridean starch

Answer 34

Main food reserves of red algae

Primary pit plugs- interconnects cells within red algae

Secondary pit- The filaments are interconnected

Question 35

Coralline algae

Answer 35

Calcified red algae, tough and stony within family Corallinaceae

Question 36

Spheroid

Answer 36

Motile colonies of chlorophyceae

Question 37

Sporopollenin

Answer 37

Enables zygotes to survive harsh conditions for long periods of time, before germinating, most resistant polymer

Question 38

Desmids

Answer 38

Freshwater green algae, lack flagella, filamentous, unicellular. Two sections joined by isthmus

Question 39

Chlorophyte clade vs. Streptophyte clade

Answer 39

Chlorophytes: include most of the green algae

Streptophyte: consists of the charophycean orders coleochaetales and charales, the zygnemataleans, early divergent members of charophycean lineage, bryophytes, and vascular plants

Question 40

Homothallic vs heterothallic

Answer 40

Homothallic: Sexual reproduction in water molds with male and female organs on the same indiv

Heterothallic: Male and female sex organs on diff indiv water mold

Question 41

Damping off diseases

Answer 41

Oomycetes that attack a wide variety of economically important crops, killing young seedlings

Pythium species

Question 42

Chemotaxis

Answer 42

How myxamoebas aggregate, migrating toward a source of cAMP, secreted by the starved myxamoebas