Chapter 12

Question 1

Identity

Answer 1

Erikson was the first one to recognize it. The major personality attainment of adolescence and as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult. constructing an identity involves defining who you are, what you value, and the directions you choose to pursue in life

Question 2

Identity Versus Role Confusion

Answer 2

What Erikson call the psychological conflict of adolescence. He believed that successful psychological outcomes of infancy and childhood pave the way toward a positive resolution. If young people’s earlier conflicts were resolved negatively or if society limits their choices to ones that do not match their abilities and desires, they are likely to appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood

Question 3

Identity Achievement

Answer 3

Commitment to values and goals following a period of exploration

Question 4

Identity Moratorium

Answer 4

Exploration without having reached commitment

Question 5

Identity Foreclosure

Answer 5

Commitment in the absence of exploration

Question 6

Identity Diffusion

Answer 6

Characterized by lack of both exploration and commitmnet

Question 7

Ethnic identity

Answer 7

A sense of ethnic-group membership and the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings associated with that membership

Question 8

Acculturative Stress

Answer 8

Psychological distress resulting from conflict between the minority and the host culture

Question 9

Bicultural Identitiy

Answer 9

By exploring and adopting values from both the adolescent’s subculture and the dominant culture

Question 10

Preconventional Level

Answer 10

Morality is externally controlled. Children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences. Behaviors that result in punishment are views as bad, those that lead to rewards as good
Kohlberg
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
Stage 2: The Instrumental Purpose Orientation

Question 11

Conventional Level

Answer 11

Individuals regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest. Rather, they believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order
Kohlberg
Stage 3: The Morality of Interpersonal Cooperation
Stage 4: The Social-Order-Maintaining Orientation

Question 12

Postconventional Level

Answer 12

Move beyong unquestioning support for their own society’s rules and laws. They define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies
Kohlberg
Stage 5: The Social Contract Orientation
Stage 6: The Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

Question 13

Moral Identity

Answer 13

The degree to which morality is central to self-concept

Question 14

Autonomy

Answer 14

A sense of oneself as a Separate, self-governing individual

Question 15

Cliques

Answer 15

Groups of about 5-7 members who are friends and, therefore, usually resemble on another in family background, attitudes, values, and interests

Question 16

Crowd

Answer 16

Among Western adolescents attending high schools with complex social structures, often several cliques with similar values form a larger, more loosely organized gropu