Chapter 7

Question 1

Dominant Cerebral Hemisphere

Answer 1

Handedness reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action

Question 2

Cerebellum

Answer 2

At the rear and base of the brain, a structure that aids in balance and control of body movement.

Question 3

Reticular Formation

Answer 3

A structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness.

Question 4

Amygdala

Answer 4

Plays a central role in processing of novelty and emotional information.

Question 5

Hippocampus

Answer 5

Located in the inner-brain, adjacent to the amygdala. Plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.

Question 6

Corpus Callosum

Answer 6

A large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 7

Pituitary Gland

Answer 7

Located at the base of the brain, which plays a crucial role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.

Question 8

Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 8

Necessary for development of almost all body tissues

Question 9

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 9

A second pituitary hormone that prompts the thyroid glad in the neck to release thyroxine which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact of body size

Question 10

Preoperational Stage

Answer 10

Spans years 2-7, the most obvious change is an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic, activity

Question 11

Sociodramtatic Play

Answer 11

The make-believe with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood.

Question 12

Dual Representation

Answer 12

Viewing a symbolic object as both an object in it’s own right and a symbol

Question 13

Egocentrism

Answer 13

Failure to distinguish others’ symbolic viewpoints from one’s own

Question 14

Conservation

Answer 14

Refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

Question 15

Centration

Answer 15

The focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features

Question 16

Irreversibility

Answer 16

An inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.

Question 17

Hierarchical Classification

Answer 17

The organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences.

Question 18

Piaget’s Educational Principals

Answer 18

1. ) Discovery Learning
2. ) Sensitivity to Children’s Readiness to Learn
3. ) Acceptance of Individual Differences

Question 19

Discovery Learning

Answer 19

In a Piagetian classroom, children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment.

Question 20

Sensitivity to Children’s Readiness to Learn

Answer 20

In a Piagetian classroom, teachers introduce activities that build on children’s current thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the world.

Question 21

Acceptance of Individual Differences

Answer 21

Piaget’s theory assumes that all children go through the same sequence of development, but at different rates.

Question 22

Private Speech

Answer 22

Children’s self-directed speech. Used to be called egocentric speech.

Question 23

Scaffolding

Answer 23

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance

Question 24

Guided Participation

Answer 24

A broader concept than scaffolding. It refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication.

Question 25

Flexible Sifting

Answer 25

Children’s ability to flexibly shift their focus at attention.

Question 26

Memory Strategies

Answer 26

Deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering

Question 27

Episodic Memory

Answer 27

Deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering

Question 28

Semantic Memory

Answer 28

Information removed from the context in which it was first learned that has become part of your general knowledge base.

Question 29

Scripts

Answer 29

General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation.

Question 30

Metacognition

Answer 30

“Thinking about thought”

Question 31

Emergent Literacy

Answer 31

Children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences.

Question 32

Phenological Awareness

Answer 32

The ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language.

Question 33

Ordinality

Answer 33

Order relationships between quantities

Question 34

Cardinality

Answer 34

The principal that the last number is a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set.

Question 35

Child-Centered Programs

Answer 35

Teachers provide activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play

Question 36

Academic Programs

Answer 36

Teachers structure children’s learning, teaching letters, numbers, colors, shapes, and other academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill

Question 37

Project Head Start

Answer 37

Extensive Federal Program. Began in 1965. A typical Head Start center provides children with a year or two of preschool, along with nutritional and health services. Parent involvement is central

Question 38

Fast-Mapping

Answer 38

Connecting new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter

Question 39

Overregularization

Answer 39

When preschoolers acquire these markers, they sometimes overextend the rules to words that are exceptions (an error)

Question 40

Pragmatics

Answer 40

Children must learn to engage in effective and appropriate communication. practical, social side of language

Question 41

Recasts

Answer 41

Restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form

Question 42

Expansions

Answer 42

Elaborating on children’s speech, increasing it’s complexity