Chapter 12 Final Flashcards by Corey Allen

A collapsed lung is also called:

Atelectasis

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3 categories of atelectasis.

Resorption, Compression and Contraction

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Resorption atelectasis most commonly results in:

Obstruction (MC in mucous in bronchus)

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The type of atelectasis characterized by pleural effusion and common in CHF patients.

Compression atelectasis

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The type of atelectasis characterized by fibrotic changes in the lungs.

Contraction atelectasis

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Acute respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by:

Diffuse alveolar damage and prevention of gas exchange

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Obstructive vs. Restrictive pulmonary diseases

Obstructive: Decreased expiratory flow rate

Restrictive: Decreased forced vital capacity

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Permanent destruction and enlargement of pulmonary parenchyma (no fibrosis) are characteristics of:

Emphysema

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What are the main subtypes of emphysema?

Centracinar and panacinar

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The most common type of emphysema is:

Centriacinar

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Centriacinar emphysema is characterized by:

MC in lung apices, and chronic smokers

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Which type of emphysema is most common in the lower lungs?

Panacinar

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Panacinar emphysema occurs as a result of a deficiency in what?

alpha1-antitrypsin

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What is the difference in acini in both types of emphysema?

Centriacinar: Only central acini affected

Panacinar: Acini are uniformly affected

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“Pink puffer” is characteristic of:

Emphysema

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What is the hallmark of chronic bronchitis?

Hypersecretion of mucus

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Chronic bronchitis is most common in what patient population?

Males (smokers)

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“Blue bloater” is characteristic of:

Chronic bronchitis

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Chronic bronchitis is defined as pronounced and productive coughing over _____ consecutive months in _____ consecutive years.

3 months over 2 years

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The 4th leading cause of death in the US?

COPD

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What is the difference between chronic bronchitis and asthma?

CB is irreversible, asthma is reversible

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What percent of the US population has asthma?

10%

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The most common type of asthma, also called genetic asthma.

Atopic asthma

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Which type of asthma occurs with a family history, associated with skin reactions and has a childhood onset?

Atopic asthma

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The type of asthma that has no allergen sensitization and is also called intrinsic asthma.

Non-atopic asthma

Emphysema causes:

Destruction of alveolar walls

The lethal form of asthma is called:

Status asthmaticus

Permanent dilation of the bronchial tree, necrotizing infections and foul/purulent sputum are all characteristics of:

Bronchiectasis

"Honeycomb lung" and "ground glass shadows" are signs of:

Chronic interstitial lung diseases

Diffuse interstitial fibrosis occurs most commonly in which patients?

Males > 60 years old

Nonproductive cough, dyspnea and "velcro-like" cracking on inspiration are all characteristics of:

Diffuse interstitial fibrosis

Pneumoconiosis results from:

Inhalation of particulates (workplace exposure MC)

Which types of mineral dust are inhaled in pneumoconiosis?

Coal dust, silica (MC) and asbestos

Coal dust vs. silica vs. asbestos inhalation

CD: No increase in lung cancer Silica: Lung CA risk Asbestos: Mesothelioma

The most common occupational disease worldwide is:

Silicosis (MC quartz)

Silicosis most commonly affects which lobes of the lung?

Upper lobes

What disease is most commonly going to manifest with noncaseating granulomas and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy?

Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is most common in younger adults of which descent?

African American

What is the classic triad of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage syndrome?

Hemoptysis, anemia and diffuse pulmonary edema

The classic form of DAHS.

Goodpasture syndrome

Wegener's granulomatosis vs. Goodpasture syndrome.

Wegener's: Type IV hypersensitivity, granulomas, males ~40 years GPS: Type II HS, pulmonary infiltrates, DAHS, Males ~20-30 years/Females ~60-70 years old

Mechanisms of lung abscess.

Aspiration, obstruction and hematogenous

Lung abscesses occur MC on which side?

Right side

Chronic pneumonia manifests as which type of necrosis?

Caseous necrosis

Chronic pneumonia is caused by which microorganism?

Mycobacterium TB

Infection caused by TB is what type of hypersensitivity?

Type IV

What is the test given for TB?

Tuberculin (Mantoux) test

Which type of TB is asymptomatic and doesn't transmit?

Primary TB

Which type of TB is associated with granuloma formation with possible cavitations?

Secondary TB

Which type of TB is MC with immunosuppression (HIV)?

Systemic miliary TB

The MC form of extrapulmonary TB is called:

Lymphadenitis

Which type of TB has a poor prognosis?

Secondary TB

Erythema nodosum is an inflammation of the fat cells just beneath the skin and is found in about 25% of patients with:

Sarcoidosis

Histoplasmosis is a _____ infection of the lungs involving inhalation of soil that is contaminated with bird and bat droppings.

Fungal

Primary lung CA is common and lethal. What does it MC affect?

Bronchial epithelium

Benign lung tumors that involve cartilage and vessels.

Hamartomas

The most common cause of CA-related deaths.

Pulmonary carcinomas

Pulmonary carcinomas account for ___% of lung CA dx and are most common in which population?

90%; 50-70 years old (smokers)

True/False: SCLC offers better prognosis than NSCLC.

FALSE; NSCLC offers a better prognosis than SCLC

Which type of pleural lesion is MC and is associated with pleural effusion?

Secondary

Hemothorax vs. Chylothorax

Hemo: Blood is in the pleural cavity Chylo: Lymphatic fluid is in the pleural cavity

The MC type of pleural effusion, associated with CHF and hydrothorax.

Pleural transudate

Which type of pleural effusion is associated with pleuritis and is protein-rich?

Pleural exudate

Which pneumothorax is idiopathic?

Spontaneous

Which type of pneumothorax shifts the mediastinum and is a medical emergency?

Tension pneumothorax

What is the latency period after exposure for malignant mesothelioma?

25-40 years

The "common cold" is a type of:

Acute respiratory infection

The most common cause of acute respiratory infections.

Streptococcal pharyngitis (caused by Group A b-hemolytic streptococci)

Streptococcal pharyngitis may develop into:

Peritonsillar abscess or acute rheumatic fever

Infectious mononucleosis is caused by which microbe?

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Two rare forms of laryngitis.

Tuberculous (chronic active TB) and Diphtheritic

Diphtheria is caused by which microbe?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Diphtheria is characterized by a:

"Dirty gray" pseudomembrane

Dangers of diphtheria?

Aspiration or airway obstruction and absorption of exotoxins

Laryngotracheobronchitis is also called:

Croup

Croup is caused by which microbes?

Parainfluenza virus and RSV

A "seal-like" bark is characteristic of:

Croup

Which laryngeal tumors are benign?

Vocal cord polyp and laryngeal papilloma or squamous cell papilloma

Laryngeal papillomas are caused by which virus?

HPV 6 and HPV 11

Throat cancer is an example of which type of laryngeal tumor?

Squamous cell carcinoma (95% of all cases)

How many cases of throat cancer are fatal?

1/3