Chapter 12: Groups Flashcards
(36 cards)
What is social facilitation?
initially a term for enhanced performance in the prsence of others, now a broader term for the effect, positive or negative, or the presence of others on performance
What is dominant response?
In a persons’ hierarchy of possible responses in any context, the response that person is most likely to make
What is evaluation apprehension?
People’se concern about how they might appear in the eyes of others, or be evaluated by them
What is social loafing?
The tendency to exert less effort when working on a groupt task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored
What is groupthink?
Faulty thinkning by members of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus
What is self-censorship?
Withholding information or opinions in group discussions/
What is group polarization?
The tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals, whatever way the group as a whole is leaning, group discussion tends to make is lean further in that direction
What is power?
the ability to control one’s own outcomes and those of others; the freedom to act
What is status?
The outcome of an evaluation of attributes that produces differences in respect and prominence.
What is authority?
Power that derives from institutionalized role or arrangments
What is dominance?
Behavior enacted with the goal or aquiring or demonstrating power
What is approach/inhibition theory?
A theory maintaining that high-power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick (and sometimes rash) judgements, whereas low-power individuals are more liekly to constrain their behavior and pay careful attention to others
- power gives people the ability to act
- people without power are vulnerable need to be more careful
What is deindividualism?
A reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by dimished self-regulation that can come over people when they are in a large group
What is individuation?
An enhanced sense of indiviudal identity produced by focusing attention on the self, which generally leads people to act carefully and deliberately and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values
What is self-awareness theory?
A theory maintaining that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-ealuation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values
What is spotlight effect?
People’s conviction that other people are paying attention to them (to their appearance and behavior) more than they actually are
What is a group?
a collection fo individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree
What initial research was done into social facilitation?
observed that people raced faster when paired in competition with another person
- result repeated with animals
- results repeated with people performing different tasks as well
- results were oppostie when task was more mentally taxing (ex. math)
What is Zajonc’s theory of mere perspective?
the mere presence of others tend to facilitate performance on simple or well learned tasks, but hinders performance on difficult or novel tasks.
How does Zajonc’s theory of mere perspective work?
- presence of other people makes us aroused
- arousal makes us more narrowly focus and resort to dominant response
- simple tasks->dominant is correct-> faciliation!
- difficult takss->dominant is incorrect-> inhibited
How does Mere Presence differ from Evaluation Apprehension?
- thought that maybe people only feel arousal when they feel they are being evaluated
Evaluation Apprehension Experiment (gibberish words)
- pronounce unknown words a set number of times, the more they pronouce the word it becomes a dominant response
- recognize words as ones they just learned
- alone, in front of audience (evaluation apprehension), or infront of blindfolded audience (mere presence)
- relied on dominant response much more often with audience
Problem with the Evaluation Apprehension Gibberish Word Experiment
thought that the alone condition wasn’t true because people are still performing for the experiment, aware they are being watched
Evaluation Apprehension Experiment (Socks and Shoes)
- simple response = put on shoes (dominant response)
- novel response = put on lab shoes
- same three conditions
- faster to put on shoes in front of mere presence audience
- even faster in front of evaluative audience
- slower to put on lab shoes in fron of mere presence audience
- even slow in front of evaluative audeince.
