Chapter 12: Hormones and Regulatory Behaviour

Question 1

what is regulatory behaviour?

Answer 1

survival-based behaviours that are motivated via biological mechanisms

Question 2

what allows for hormone release?

Answer 2

signalling between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 3

what controls the release of hormones?

Answer 3

the hypothalamus

Question 4

what are the 5 different types of taste?

Answer 4

• sweet (positive response)
• sour (no automatic positive response)
• bitter (no automatic positive response)
• salty (positive response)
• umami

Question 5

papillae

Answer 5

the bumps on the tongue with tastebuds located underneath

Question 6

circumvilliate

Answer 6

round disks at the very back of the tongue

Question 7

foliate

Answer 7

located along the sides of the tongue

Question 8

fungiform

Answer 8

located at the front of the tongue

Question 9

filiform

Answer 9

located at the centre of the tongue. no tastebuds

Question 10

supertaster

Answer 10

• small percentage of the population
• have more taste buds
• more sensitive to bitterness

Question 11

non-taster

Answer 11

most common, have a normal amount of tastebuds

Question 12

where do taste receptors synapse?

Answer 12

solitary tract

Question 13

what allows for identification of specific tastes?

Answer 13

insula

Question 14

what is the purpose of the orbitofrontal cortex when it comes to taste?

Answer 14

makes a decision about the taste

Question 15

what is the purpose of the limbic system when it comes to taste?

Answer 15

allows for an emotional experience while eating and retains a memory about the food

Question 16

what are the phases of digestion?

Answer 16

• cephalic phase (initial motivator to get food; hunger)
• absorption phase (converting food into energy and energy stores
• fasting phase (period between meals)

Question 17

ghrelin

Answer 17

a hormone in the stomach that signals for you to get food (gives the feeling of being hungry)

Question 18

which hormones are produced in the pancreas?

Answer 18

insulin and glucagon

Question 19

what does insulin promote?

Answer 19

the production of proteins in muscle fibres from amino acids

Question 20

what is the purpose of glucagon?

Answer 20

allows glycogen to be converted into energy in the form of glucose (glycogenolysis)

Question 21

ketones

Answer 21

converted from fatty acids via the liver and are used in the absence of enough glucose

Question 22

lipogenesis

Answer 22

production of fat throughout the body

Question 23

leptin

Answer 23

a hormone released by fat stores

Question 24

what does leptin affect?

Answer 24

affects long-term energy expenditure relative to food intake

Question 25

what happens if there is no leptin in the body?

Answer 25

there will be no settling point/stable body weight

Question 26

how does the body lose water?

Answer 26

- evaporation through respiration - excretion - sweating

Question 27

vasopressin

Answer 27

regulates water retention and signals kidneys to reabsorb water

Question 28

where is vasopressin released?

Answer 28

directly from the posterior pituitary

Question 29

how is the release of vassopressin affected?

Answer 29

- stress level through cortisol release (inhibits) - alcohol consumption (inhibits) - salt intake (encourages)

Question 30

what is osmolality?

Answer 30

the ratio of fluid to amount of electrolytes dissolved within it

Question 31

what will increase osmolality?

Answer 31

fluids high in sodium

Question 32

what is prandial thirst?

Answer 32

the thirst that happens when you're eating

Question 33

what is the purpose of prandial thirst?

Answer 33

fluid replacement and to counter changed in osmolality while eating

Question 34

where is oxytocin released?

Answer 34

directly from the posterior pituitary gland

Question 35

what is the purpose of oxytocin in females?

Answer 35

infant bonding and milk production