Chapter 12 Key terms

Question 1

Adultification

Answer 1

The process by which a child or adolescent prematurely takes on adult roles and responsibilities

Question 2

Identity Achievement

Answer 2

In Marcia’s theory, the Identity status by a person who has been through a crisis and reached a commitment to ideological or occupational goals

Question 3

Gender Role Identity

Answer 3

gender-related aspects of the psychological self

Question 4

Identity vs role confusion

Answer 4

In Erikson’s theory the stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are

Question 5

moratorium

Answer 5

In Marcia’s theory the identity status of a person who is in a crisis but has made no commitment

Question 6

Identity Diffusion

Answer 6

In Marcia’s theory the identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and has made no commitment

Question 7

Foreclosure

Answer 7

In Marcia’s theory the identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis; the person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment

Question 8

Conduct Disorder

Answer 8

A psychological disorder in which the social and/ or academic functioning of children and youth is impaired by patterns of antisocial behaviour that include bullying, destruction of property, theft, deceitfulness, and/or violations of societal rules

Question 9

Criminality

Answer 9

Antisocial behaviour that includes law breaking

Question 10

Post-Conventional Morality

Answer 10

In Kohlberg’s Theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgements are based on emergence of personal authority- an integration of individual rights and the needs of society.

Question 11

Conventional Morality

Answer 11

In Kohlberg’s theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgments are based on rules or norms of a group to which a person belongs

Question 12

Ethnic Identity

Answer 12

A sense of belonging to an ethnic group

Question 13

identity crisis

Answer 13

Erikson’s term for the psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved

Question 14

Identity

Answer 14

an understanding of one’s unique characteristics and how they have been, are, and will be manifested across ages, situations, and social roles

Question 15

cyberbullying

Answer 15

A form of aggression in which messages are sent by way of digital devices like smartphones, computers, and tablets to intentionally hurt or embarrass others

Question 16

crowd

Answer 16

a combination of cliques, which includes both males and females

Question 17

preconventional morality

Answer 17

In Kohlberg’s theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgments are based on authorities outside the self- usually parents, consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of an action

Question 18

Genital Stage

Answer 18

In Freud’s theory, the period during which people reach psychosexual maturity

Question 19

role-taking

Answer 19

The ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective

Question 20

clique

Answer 20

four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another

Question 21

two key parts of identity formation in Adolescence

Answer 21

crisis and commitment

Question 22

factors that act on a teens self esteem

Answer 22

personal characteristics, relationships with significant others, lifestyle factors, and achievements

Question 23

Androgynous individual

Answer 23

see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits

Question 24

undifferentiated individuals

Answer 24

describe themselves as lacking both masculine and feminine traits

Question 25

individual identity

Answer 25

what one believes sets them apart from others

Question 26

ethnic identity

Answer 26

includes self-identification as a member of their specific group, commitment to that group and its values and attitudes, and attitudes about the group to which they belong

Question 27

formation of ethnic identity

Answer 27

younger children don’t think that much about it, then start to become aware of differences in attitudes and beliefs compared to larger culture, finally may develop a secure sense of membership and pride in and commitment to their ethnic group

Question 28

Three multicultural identity configurations

Answer 28

a person identifies with inly one cultural group, a person has multiple cultural identities that are separated into compartments within the self, a person cohesively connects and reconciles one’s multiple cultural identities within oneself

Question 29

What determines the stage or level of a person’s moral judgement?

Answer 29

not the specific moral choice but the form of reasoning used to justify that choice

Question 30

what matters most in moral reasoning?

Answer 30

the decline of egocentrism

Question 31

Empathy

Answer 31

the ability to identify with others’ emotions, it is both a cause and consequence of moral development

Question 32

Moral reasoning of youth who commit offences

Answer 32

moral reasoning appears to be behind peers because of deficits in role-taking