Chapter 12 Module Flashcards
What is an emotion?
1) Bodily Arousal
2) Expressive Behaviors
3) Consciously experienced thoughts and feelings
Emotion Definition - Bodily Arousal
Cortical and subcortical areas of the brain
Autonomic nervous system
Endocrine System
Different emotions can share similar physiological responses.
Emotion Theories
James-Lange Theory (Historical) - Body before thoughts
Cannon Bard Theory (Historical) - Body with thoughts
Singer-Schachter/Two Factor Theory - body plus thoughts/label
Zajonc, LeDoux - Body/brain without conscious thoughts
Lazarus - Cognitive appraisal (sometimes without awareness defines emotion)
James-Lange Theory on Emotion
A stimulus causes a bodily reaction which produces an emotion.
“I’m afraid (subjective label) because I am shaking (physiological arousal)”
Cannon-Bard Theory on Emotion
The bodily reaction and emotion happen at the same time.
“I’m shaking (physiological arousal) and feel afraid (subjective label) at the same time”
Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory on Emotion
Our physiology = our cognition (perception, memories, and interpretations) = emotion
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Emotional reactions before (or apart from) interpret situation.
Facial muscles send messages to the brain.
Emotion and the Two-Track Brain
Some emotions may be experienced without conscious appraisal.
Responses happen at low neural pathways occuring to quickly to be detected.
Zajonc and LeDoux Theory on Emotion
Emotional responses occur before we consciously interpret/appraise event.
Lazarus (Cognitive Mediational Theory)
Even if we’re not consciously aware, appraisal can be happening.
Emotional responses require some form of cognitive appraisal.
Detecting Emotion
We are good at deciphering emotions via nonverbal communication.
Experience influences perception (ex. physically abused children are biased toward perceiving anger when a face is a 50/50 mix of fear and anger)
Culture & Emotional Expression
6 universal facial expressions.
Supreme, Fear, Disgust/Contempt, Anger, Happiness, Sadness.
In-group advantage: Accuracy is slightly enhanced when people judged emotions from their own culture.
Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.
Facial Feedback Effect
Facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings & signal body to respond accordingly.
Behaviour Feedback Effect
Tendency of behaviour to influence our own & others’ thoughts, feelings, & actions.
Help us empathize.
Effects of Botox on Mood
Depression decreases in participants after botox.
Maybe slowed people’s reading of sadness & anger related sentences.
Music & Emotions
Music can trigger & soothe/amp up emotions.
Feel-good, do-good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we more often help others.
Money spent presocially were happier at the end of the day.
Personal connection to helping makes a differences.
Does Money Buy Happiness?
No. After having basic needs met - increasing wealth does not help.
Positivity and Health
More positive emotions are related to less susceptibility to a cold.
Positive nuns lived longer.
Evidence-Based Suggestions for a Happier Life
High self-esteem (individualistic countries)
Optimism, outgoing, & agreeable
Close friendships or satisfying romantic partnership
Have work & leisure that engage their skills
Active religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
Stress and the Pandemic
Pandemic increased stress and the younger adults are more stressed out.
Causes: financial, physical/mental health, political concerns
Stress
Perception and response to a stressor.
Stressor: Event/condition iewed as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming.
Apraisal: Deciding whether to view something as a stressor.
Stress Response System
Brain signals outer part of adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other stress hormones.
Focusing us on planning adaptive coping strategies and resisting defeat.
Supresses the immune system.
General Adaptation Syndrome
Phase 1: Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) - a breif dip in stress resistance
Phase 2: Resistance (cope with stressor) - a long period of high stress resistance.
Phase 3: Exhaustion (reserves depleted) - plummet in stress resistance
Body’s resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in.
