Chapter 12 Nervous System

Question 1

Sensory

Answer 1

can detect internal and external stimuli

Question 2

integrative

Answer 2

processes info
only applies to the CNS

Question 3

Motor

Answer 3

this is the response, causes actions - muscles and glands
sensory in, motor out

Question 4

what does the central nervous system consist of

Answer 4

the brain and spinal cord

Question 5

afferent nerves

Answer 5

nerves that carry sensory input to the CNS

Question 6

efferent nerves

Answer 6

carry signals away from the CNS

Question 7

Central nervous system

Answer 7

center of memory, intelligence, coordination

Question 8

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of

Answer 8

31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Question 9

peripheral nervous system

Answer 9

includes all the nerves that carry signals to and from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

Question 10

what is the PNS further divided into

Answer 10

somatic and autonomic subdivisions

Question 11

brain

Answer 11

CNS
perception and processing of sensory stimuli (somatic/autonomic)
execution of voluntary motor responses (somatic)
regulation of homeostatic mechanisms (autonomic)

Question 12

Nerves

Answer 12

PNS
fibers of sensory and motor neurons (somatic/autonomic)

Question 13

digestive tract

Answer 13

the enteric nervous system
responsible for autonomous functions and can operate independently of the brain and spinal cord

Question 14

spinal cord

Answer 14

CNS
initiation of reflexes from ventral horn (somatic) and lateral horn (autonomic) gray matter
pathways for sensory and motor functions between periphery and brain

Question 15

ganglia

Answer 15

PNS
reception of sensory stimuli by dorsal root and cranial ganglia
relay of visceral motor responses by autonomic ganglia

Question 16

what are the 3 neurons

Answer 16

sensory
interneurons
motor neurons

Question 17

sensory neurons

Answer 17

have the most variability
each type of stimulus has its own neuron
many different types of cells
receptor for specific sensory stimuli

Question 18

interneurons

Answer 18

decision maker
in the brain and spinal cord integrate input and output signals

Question 19

motor neurons

Answer 19

sends information from integrator to muscle or gland cells
extend out from CNS
eventually reach effector cells-muscle or glands

Question 20

oligodendrocyte

Answer 20

it’s a glial cell that forms myelination in CNS
poorly branching cell

Question 21

myelination

Answer 21

insulation for axons
protects axons and improves its impulses

Question 22

what are the typical 4 distinct structural regions of neurons

Answer 22

dendrites
the cell body
the axon
synaptic terminals

Question 23

dendrites

Answer 23

branches cell body extensions
receive info from surrounding neurons and sensory receptors

Question 24

the cell body

Answer 24

integrates incoming info from dendrites
if incoming signals are positive enough, an action potential forms
contains nucleus and typical cell parts including lots of mitochondria

Question 25

the axon

Answer 25

conducts electrical signals to the synaptic terminal
often covered in myelin to speed electric transmission
often bundles together to form nerves
where the nerve impulse travels

Question 26

the synaptic terminal

Answer 26

branched endings of axons
most contain neurotransmitters
forms synapses with other cells
where nerve impulse ends
neurotransmitters pass between cells at synapses

Question 27

neurotransmitters

Answer 27

a specific chemical released under the stimulus of an action potential

Question 28

synapses

Answer 28

site at which the neuron communicates with other cells, tissues, or organs

Question 29

astrocytes

Answer 29

the most common cell in your nervous system
do a lot of maintenance for CNS
helps form blood/brain barrier-to keep pathogens out of your brain

Question 30

ependymal cells

Answer 30

part of the blood/brain barrier and produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 31

microglial cells

Answer 31

collects garbage like pathogens

Question 32

microglia

Answer 32

phagocytes of CNS

Question 33

schwann cells

Answer 33

the primary myelination of motor neurons in the PNS
wrap themselves around axons

Question 34

satellite cells

Answer 34

support PNS cell bodies
can do some repair

Question 35

action potentials =

Answer 35

nerve impulses
when the voltage difference crosses a key threshold level of stimulation, an action potential (nerve impulse) occurs

Question 36

all or nothing

Answer 36

neuron receives stimuli, if enough, triggers the impulse
movement of ions in the cell from negative to positive and back to negative
moves along axon - opening and closing channels - until it reaches terminal