Chapter 12 — Nervous System Cont. Flashcards
1
Q
CNS =
A
brain + spinal cord
2
Q
function of CNS
A
to control and regulate all other body systems in order to maintain homeostasis
3
Q
meaning of “control” function
A
turn things on and off
4
Q
meaning of “regulate” function
A
control intensity of response
5
Q
__________ (CNS) receive info from ______ neurons (PNS), deliver signal to _______ neurons (PNS), these neurons signal _______ (usually ______ or ______)
A
interneurons; sensory; motor; effectors; muscles or glands
6
Q
monitoring mechanisms are
A
receptors
7
Q
receptors can be ________ or ________
A
receptor cells or dendritic ends of sensory neurons
8
Q
CNS ________ and ________ sensory information
A
processes and integrates
9
Q
meaning of “processing”
A
evaluating whether a variable is too high or too low
10
Q
meaning of “integration”
A
determining which motor commands need to be sent
11
Q
2 basic types of memory
A
declarative and non-declarative
12
Q
declarative memory is…
A
fact memory
13
Q
non-declarative memory is…
A
procedures memory
14
Q
remembering someone’s phone number is _______ memory
A
declarative
15
Q
remembering how to do long division is ________ memory
A
non-declarative
16
Q
stages of memory
A
immediate, short term, long term
17
Q
process of moving a memory from one stage to another
A
consolidation
18
Q
consolidation depends on…
A
repetition, emotion, senses
19
Q
memory fading can be caused by…
A
no repetition, use, revisitation; aging; brain trauma, dementia
20
Q
3 layers that envelop brain
A
meninges
21
Q
3 functions of meninges
A
protects brain from mechanical injury
contains blood vessels & venous sinuses
contains a bit of CSF in subarachnoid space
22
Q
outermost meninge
A
dura mater
23
Q
the tissue of the dura mater has high _____ content
A
collagen
24
Q
the _____ _____ attaches to the inner surface of the skull like a seat belt for the brain
A
dura mater
25
thin, fine middle meninge likened to spiderweb
arachnoid mater
26
thin inner meninge wrapped around surface of the brain
pia mater
27
4 ventricles of the brain
lateral ventricles
third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
fourth ventricle
28
the _______ contain the majority of CSF in the brain
ventricles
29
main function of CSF
transport medium of the brain
30
ventricles are all _____ with one another, allowing...
continuous
flow of CSF
31
examples of materials exchanged between blood and CSF
oxygen
ions
lipids
amino acids
waste products
32
some chemicals would cause neurological dysfunction if they entered the brain—\_\_\_\_\_\_ are in place to prevent this
barriers
33
this barrier regulates exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid
blood brain barrier
34
the blood brain barrier utilizes ______ capillaries
continuous
35
the epithelial cells forming the wall of a continuous capillary have _______ junctions
tight
36
in the blood brain barrier, _______ have extensions that wrap around a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
astrocytes
capillary
37
the blood brain barrier forces materials to move via _________ through both the epithelial cells of the capillary and the astrocyte membrane
the exception to this is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which enters the nervous system through the blood and remains fixed there
transcytosis
monocyte
38
in the blood brain barrier, ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ materials can move through the membranes, but ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ materials cannot
lipid soluble (can)
water soluble (cannot)
39
\*know one function for each structure
40
41
\*know 1 function for each structure
42
43
44
\*know 1 function for each structure
45
46
four main divisions of the brain
cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem
47
3 structures of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
basal nuclei
limbic system
48
3 structures of the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
49
4 structures of the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
reticular formation
50
motor area of the cerebral cortex & function
primary motor cortex
plans and executes movement
51
sensory areas of the cerebral cortex (6) and functions
primary somatosensory cortex — interprets incoming somatic sensory stimuli
primary visual cortex — interprets and processes visual stimuli
primary auditory cortex — processes auditory stimuli
gustatory cortex — processes taste stimuli
vestibular areas — processes stimuli relating to equilibrium and balance
olfactory cortex — processes smell stimuli
52
the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ barrier regulates exchange of materials between the blood and the CSF in the ventricles
blood CSF barrier
53
The blood-CSF barrier regulates...
exchange of materials between the blood and the CSF of the ventricles
54
in the blood CSF barrier, capillaries meet the ventricle at the ____ \_\_\_\_\_
choroid plexus
55
which barrier involves astrocytes?
blood-brain barrier
56
which barrier involves the choroid plexus?
blood-CSF barrier
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells line the ventricles — capillary walls attach to these cells via a _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ependymal
basement membrane
58
ependymal cells have _____ which face into the ventricle
cilia
59
in the blood-CSF barrier, materials move via ________ through the epithelial cells of the capillary wall and then through the ependymal cells
transcytosis
60
why is material exhange between blood and the brain strictly regulated?
many materials in the blood would cause neurological dysfunction if they entered the brain
61
2 downsides to barriers in the brain
if there is an infection in the brain, drugs must be created which can pass through the brain's barriers
some subtances can pass through the barriers which cause dysfunction (alcohol, THC, other drugs)
62
define gray matter
brain tissue composed of neural cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses
63
define white matter
tissue composed of bundles of axons
64
why is white matter white?
myelination of axons
65
define nuclei
clusters of neural cell bodies and dendrites that work as a unit to process specific information
66
define tract
word used in the place of 'nerve' for 'nerves' within the CNS
67
3 types of 'areas' of the cerebrum
motor
sensory
association
68
the cerebrum functions in... (5)
consciousness, thinking, learning, memory, emotions
69
define hemispheric lateralization
there are left and right hemispheres of the brain and each side processes information differently
70
the left hemisphere is associated with...
reasoning, logic, numerical and scientific skills, use and understanding of language (written, spoken, sign)
71
the right hemisphere is associated with...
music, artistic awareness, space & pattern recognition, facial recognition, facial expression, emotional content of language, discriminating odors
72
main functions of the diencephalon
routes sensory information to cerebral cortex
assists in motor function by transmitting information from cerebellum and basal ganglia to motor areas of cerebral cortex
73
main functions of cerebellum
regulates posture & balance
coordinates with motor areas of cerebrum to allow for smooth voluntary movement
74
the cerebellum can deteriorate with _____ or _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_
age or brain trauma
75
main functions of brainstem
controls & regulates basic body functions
controls & regulates sleep patterns
coordinates many reflexes
76
two differences between the brain meninges and the spinal meninges
the dura mater lacks the outer layer
the pia mater has dentriculate extensions which attach the spinal cord to the vertebral column
77
function of the spinal cord
acts as a relay of sensory information up the ascending tracts, and motor signals down the descending tracts
78
some reflexes are very fast because they...
are controlled by the spinal cord and do not have to come from the brain
79
3 functions of sensory receptors
help maintain homeostasis by monitoring variables and sending signals to the CNS
danger aversion
experience pleasure
80
3 aspects of a sensory receptor
specificity
receptive field
transduction
81
definition of transduction
the conversion by a sensory receptor of a stimulus into an electrical signal
82
a stimulus is only transduced if...
the receptor is specific to the stimulus and the stimulus occurs within the receptive field
83
two types of graded potentials & explanations
generator potential: created if the receptor is the dendritic ends of a sensory neuron
receptor potential: created in an individual receptor cell
84
receptor cells are paired with a _____ \_\_\_\_\_
sensory neuron
85
when the graded potential (of either type) reaches the axon hillock...
it becomes an action potential
86
an electrical signal can be blocked by...
chemicals that bind to a neuron's dendritic ends, preventing neurotransmitter from binding to them
87
two ways of classifying sensory receptors
by structure (whether they are a receptor cell or the dendritic ends of a sensory neuron)
by function (what kind of stimulus they respond to)
