Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 12 - Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Neural Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

Basic functional unit of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells of the nervous system essential to the survival and functionality of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All neural tissue outside the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Nerves connected to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Nerves connected to the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Afferent division

A

Brings sensory information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Efferent division

A

Carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Receptors

A

Sensory structures that either detect changes in the environment or respond to specific stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls skeletal muscle contractions - voluntary or reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular secretions, and adipose tissue - sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Slows processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Accelerates processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Effectors

A

Target organs that respond to commands from CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dendrites

A

Slender, sensitive processes extending out from the cell body of a neuron - play key roles in intercellular communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Axon

A

Long cytoplasmic process capable of propagating an electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

Contains large, round nucleus, organelles, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Initial segment

A

Base of the axon which joins at the axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Axon hillock

A

Thickened region activated at threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Telodendria

A

Fine extensions where axon trunk and collaterals end, also called terminal branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Axon terminals

A

End of telodendria, aka synaptic terminals, synaptic knobs, and synaptic boutons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Synapse

A

Specialized site where the neuron communicates with another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

Sends a message and includes the axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A

Receives the message

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Narrow space that separates the two cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical compound released by one neuron to affect the membrane potential of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Contain neurotransmitters inside the axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

Bears receptors for neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent neurons; form the afferent division of the PNS, delivering information from sensory receptors to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent neurons; form the efferent division of the PNS; carry instructions from the CNS to peripheral effectors in a peripheral tissue, organ, or organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Interneurons

A

Association neuron; CNS neurons that are between sensory and motor neurons

33
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Cells lining the ventricles and central canal of the CNS

34
Q

Astrocytes

A

One of the four types of neuroglia in the CNS; responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier by the stimulation of endothelial cells

35
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS neuroglia that maintain cellular organization within gray matter and provide a myelin sheath in areas of white matter

36
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytic neuroglia in the CNS

37
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Fluid bathing the internal and external surfaces of the CNS; secreted by the choroid plexus

38
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Isolation of the CNS from the general circulation; primarily the result of astrocyte regulation of capillary permeabilities

39
Q

Myelin

A

Insulating sheath around an axon; consists of multiple layers of neuroglial membrane; significantly increases the nerve impulse propagation rate along the axon

40
Q

Gray matter

A

Areas in the central nervous system that are dominated by neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons

41
Q

White matter

A

Regions in the CNS that are dominated by myelinated axons

42
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Disease characterized by recurrent incidents of demyelination that affects axons in the optic nerve, brain, and spinal cord

43
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

44
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

45
Q

Schwann cells

A

Neuroglia responsible for the neurilemma that surrounds axons in the PNS

46
Q

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

A

The membrane potential of a normal cell under homeostatic conditions

47
Q

Leak channels

A

Passive channels; always open

48
Q

Current

A

A movement of charges to eliminate a potential difference

49
Q

Resistance

A

Measure of how much the membrane restricts in movement

50
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting on that ion across the plasma membrane

51
Q

Gated channels

A

Active channels; open or close in response to specific stimuli

52
Q

Graded potentials

A

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation

53
Q

Depolarization

A

A change in the membrane potential from a negative value toward 0 mV

54
Q

Repolarization

A

The movement of the membrane potential away from a positive value and toward the resting potential

55
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

The movement of the membrane potential away from the normal resting potential and farther from 0 mV

56
Q

Action potential (nerve impulse)

A

A propagated change in the membrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions

57
Q

Threshold

A

The membrane potential at which an action potential begins

58
Q

All-or-none principle

A

A given stimulus either triggers a typical action potential, or none at all

59
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Begins when sodium channels regain their normal condition; another action potential can occur in this period if the membrane is sufficiently depolarized

60
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Where membrane cannot respond to further stimulation from the moment the voltage-gated sodium channels open at threshold until sodium channel inactivation ends because all sodium channels are either already open or inactivated

61
Q

Continuous propagation

A

Movement of an action potential in an unmyelinated axon

62
Q

Saltatory propagation

A

Movement of an action potential in a myelinated axon

63
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Where presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together at gap junctions

64
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Cells are not directly coupled

65
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Cause depolarization and promote the generation of action potentials

66
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Cause hyperpolarization and suppress the generation of action potentials

67
Q

Cholinergic synapses

A

A synapse where the presynaptic membrane releases acetylcholine on stimulation

68
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain; typically has an excitatory, depolarizing effect on the postsynaptic membrane

69
Q

Adrenergic synapses

A

A synapse where the presynaptic membrane releases norepinephrine on stimulation

70
Q

Dopamine

A

CNS neurotransmitter with either inhibitory or excitatory effects, plays important role in regulation of movement

71
Q

Serotonin

A

CNS neurotransmitter; involved in attention and emotional states, regulation of sleep and wake cycles

72
Q

Glutamate

A

Important in memory and learning; most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

73
Q

GABA

A

Amma aminobutyric acid; a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system whose effects are generally inhibitory

74
Q

Opioids

A

Pain control; emotional and behavioral effects poorly understood

75
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential; graded depolarization caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane, resulting from the opening of chemically gated membrane channels that lead to depolarization of the plasma membrane

76
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane; while continuing, the neuron is inhibited

77
Q

Temporal summation

A

Addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a single synapse that is active repeatedly

78
Q

Spatial summation

A

Occurs when simultaneous stimuli applied at different locations have a cumulative effect on the membrane potential

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions