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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 12 - Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Neural Tissue Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Neuron

A

Basic functional unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells of the nervous system essential to the survival and functionality of neurons

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3
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All neural tissue outside the CNS

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5
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Nerves connected to the brain

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6
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Nerves connected to the spine

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7
Q

Afferent division

A

Brings sensory information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs

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8
Q

Efferent division

A

Carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

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9
Q

Receptors

A

Sensory structures that either detect changes in the environment or respond to specific stimuli

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10
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls skeletal muscle contractions - voluntary or reflex

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular secretions, and adipose tissue - sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Slows processes

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13
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Accelerates processes

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14
Q

Effectors

A

Target organs that respond to commands from CNS

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15
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic response

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16
Q

Dendrites

A

Slender, sensitive processes extending out from the cell body of a neuron - play key roles in intercellular communication

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17
Q

Axon

A

Long cytoplasmic process capable of propagating an electrical impulse

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18
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

Contains large, round nucleus, organelles, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.

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19
Q

Initial segment

A

Base of the axon which joins at the axon hillock

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20
Q

Axon hillock

A

Thickened region activated at threshold

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21
Q

Telodendria

A

Fine extensions where axon trunk and collaterals end, also called terminal branches

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22
Q

Axon terminals

A

End of telodendria, aka synaptic terminals, synaptic knobs, and synaptic boutons

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23
Q

Synapse

A

Specialized site where the neuron communicates with another cell

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24
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

Sends a message and includes the axon terminal

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25
Postsynaptic cell
Receives the message
26
Synaptic cleft
Narrow space that separates the two cells
27
Neurotransmitters
Chemical compound released by one neuron to affect the membrane potential of another
28
Synaptic vesicles
Contain neurotransmitters inside the axon terminal
29
Postsynaptic membrane
Bears receptors for neurotransmitters
30
Sensory neurons
Afferent neurons; form the afferent division of the PNS, delivering information from sensory receptors to the CNS
31
Motor neurons
Efferent neurons; form the efferent division of the PNS; carry instructions from the CNS to peripheral effectors in a peripheral tissue, organ, or organ system
32
Interneurons
Association neuron; CNS neurons that are between sensory and motor neurons
33
Ependymal cells
Cells lining the ventricles and central canal of the CNS
34
Astrocytes
One of the four types of neuroglia in the CNS; responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier by the stimulation of endothelial cells
35
Oligodendrocytes
CNS neuroglia that maintain cellular organization within gray matter and provide a myelin sheath in areas of white matter
36
Microglia
Phagocytic neuroglia in the CNS
37
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid bathing the internal and external surfaces of the CNS; secreted by the choroid plexus
38
Blood brain barrier
Isolation of the CNS from the general circulation; primarily the result of astrocyte regulation of capillary permeabilities
39
Myelin
Insulating sheath around an axon; consists of multiple layers of neuroglial membrane; significantly increases the nerve impulse propagation rate along the axon
40
Gray matter
Areas in the central nervous system that are dominated by neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons
41
White matter
Regions in the CNS that are dominated by myelinated axons
42
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Disease characterized by recurrent incidents of demyelination that affects axons in the optic nerve, brain, and spinal cord
43
Ganglia
Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
44
Satellite Cells
Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
45
Schwann cells
Neuroglia responsible for the neurilemma that surrounds axons in the PNS
46
Resting membrane potential (RMP)
The membrane potential of a normal cell under homeostatic conditions
47
Leak channels
Passive channels; always open
48
Current
A movement of charges to eliminate a potential difference
49
Resistance
Measure of how much the membrane restricts in movement
50
Electrochemical gradient
Sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting on that ion across the plasma membrane
51
Gated channels
Active channels; open or close in response to specific stimuli
52
Graded potentials
Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation
53
Depolarization
A change in the membrane potential from a negative value toward 0 mV
54
Repolarization
The movement of the membrane potential away from a positive value and toward the resting potential
55
Hyperpolarization
The movement of the membrane potential away from the normal resting potential and farther from 0 mV
56
Action potential (nerve impulse)
A propagated change in the membrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions
57
Threshold
The membrane potential at which an action potential begins
58
All-or-none principle
A given stimulus either triggers a typical action potential, or none at all
59
Relative refractory period
Begins when sodium channels regain their normal condition; another action potential can occur in this period if the membrane is sufficiently depolarized
60
Absolute refractory period
Where membrane cannot respond to further stimulation from the moment the voltage-gated sodium channels open at threshold until sodium channel inactivation ends because all sodium channels are either already open or inactivated
61
Continuous propagation
Movement of an action potential in an unmyelinated axon
62
Saltatory propagation
Movement of an action potential in a myelinated axon
63
Electrical synapses
Where presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together at gap junctions
64
Chemical synapses
Cells are not directly coupled
65
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Cause depolarization and promote the generation of action potentials
66
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Cause hyperpolarization and suppress the generation of action potentials
67
Cholinergic synapses
A synapse where the presynaptic membrane releases acetylcholine on stimulation
68
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain; typically has an excitatory, depolarizing effect on the postsynaptic membrane
69
Adrenergic synapses
A synapse where the presynaptic membrane releases norepinephrine on stimulation
70
Dopamine
CNS neurotransmitter with either inhibitory or excitatory effects, plays important role in regulation of movement
71
Serotonin
CNS neurotransmitter; involved in attention and emotional states, regulation of sleep and wake cycles
72
Glutamate
Important in memory and learning; most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
73
GABA
Amma aminobutyric acid; a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system whose effects are generally inhibitory
74
Opioids
Pain control; emotional and behavioral effects poorly understood
75
EPSP
Excitatory postsynaptic potential; graded depolarization caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane, resulting from the opening of chemically gated membrane channels that lead to depolarization of the plasma membrane
76
IPSP
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane; while continuing, the neuron is inhibited
77
Temporal summation
Addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a single synapse that is active repeatedly
78
Spatial summation
Occurs when simultaneous stimuli applied at different locations have a cumulative effect on the membrane potential

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

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