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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 23 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Patrol the epithelial surface, phagocytizing any particles that have eluded other defenses

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2
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute, typically tidal volume minutes 150 mL times breaths per minute

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3
Q

Alveoli

A

Air-filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange between air and blood takes place

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4
Q

Anoxia

A

Inadequate oxygen reaching body tissues

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5
Q

Asthma

A

Excessive stimulation of the smooth muscles of bronchioles that can almost completely prevent airflow along the terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed lung

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7
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Weight of Earth’s atmosphere

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8
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Move into the plasma with the aid of a countertransport mechanism that exchanges intracellular bicarbonate ions for extracellular chloride ions

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9
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P = 1/V; reciprocal relationship between pressure and volume

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10
Q

BPG

A

2,3-bisphospoglycerate; has a direct effect on oxygen binding and release, the higher the concentration of BPG, the greater the releases of oxygen by Hb molecules

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11
Q

Bronchioles

A

Branches of tertiary bronchus within a bronchopulmonary segment

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12
Q

Bronchitis

A

Bronchi and bronchioles inflamed and constricted due to respiratory infection

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13
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Reduction in the diameter of the airway

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14
Q

Bronchodilation

A

Enlargement of the diameter of the airway

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15
Q

Bronchus

A

Branch of the bronchial tree between the trachea and bronchioles

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16
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide molecules

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17
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Excessive buildup of carbon monoxide of bloodstream; results in inactivation of heme for respiratory purposes

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18
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the carbonic acid reaction; important in carbon dioxide transport

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19
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an action potential; a chemosensor detects certain chemical stimuli in the environment

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20
Q

Chloride shift

A

The movement of plasma chloride ions into red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions generated by the intracellular dissociation of carbonic acid

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21
Q

Compliance

A

Expandability; the ability of certain organs to tolerate changes in volume; indicates the presence of elastic fibers and smooth muscles

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22
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Respiratory mucosa produces dense, viscous mucus what cannot be transported by the respiratory defense system; mucus escalator stops working, leading to frequent infections

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23
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Each gas contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance

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24
Q

Diaphragm

A

The respiratory muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

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25
Q

Emphysema

A

Chronic, progressive condition characterized by shortness of breath and an inability to tolerate physical exertion

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26
Q

Epiglottis

A

A blade-shaped flap of tissue, reinforced by cartilage, that is attached to the posterior and superior surface of the thyroid cartilage; folds over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing

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27
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed

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28
Q

Expiration

A

Exhalation

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29
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be voluntarily expelled after a normal, quiet respiratory cycle

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30
Q

External respiration

A

The diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and the alveolar capillaries and between the systemic capillaries and peripheral tissues; diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

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31
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after a quiet respiratory cycle; sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

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32
Q

Glottis

A

Vocal apparatus of the larynx, made up of the vocal folds and the space between them

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33
Q

Heme group

A

A porphyrin ring containing a central iron atom that can reversibly bind oxygen molecules; a component of the hemoglobin molecule

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34
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A protein composed of four globular subunits, each bound to a heme molecule; gives red blood cells the ability to transport oxygen in the blood

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35
Q

Hemoglobin saturation

A

Percentage of heme units containing bound oxygen at any given moment

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36
Q

Henry’s law

A

At a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

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37
Q

Hypercapnia

A

High blood carbon dioxide concentrations, commonly as a result of hypoventilation or inadequate tissue perfusion

38
Q

Hyperventilation

A

A rate of respiration sufficient to decrease blood PCO2 to levels below normal

39
Q

Hypocapnia

A

An abnormally low blood PCO2; commonly results from hyperventilation

40
Q

Hypoventilation

A

A respiratory rate that is insufficient to keep blood PCO2 within normal levels

41
Q

Hypoxia

A

A low tissue oxygen concentration

42
Q

Inspiration

A

Inhalation

43
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Amount of air that can be dawn into lungs after a quiet respiratory cycle; sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

44
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be taken in over and above tidal volume; 3300 mL in males and 1900 mL in females

45
Q

Internal respiration

A

The diffusion of gases between interstitial fluid and cytoplasm

46
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure in the pleural cavity

47
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure inside the respiratory tract at the alveoli

48
Q

Laryngeal prominence

A

Adam’s apple

49
Q

Larynx

A

A complex cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis and vocal cords; the superior margin is bound to the hyoid bone, and the inferior margin is bound to the trachea

50
Q

Lungs

A

Paired organs of breathing enclosed by the pleural cavities

51
Q

Nares

A

Entrance to the nasal cavity

52
Q

Nasal cavity

A

A chamber in the skull that is bounded by the internal and external nares

53
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Narrow grooves where incoming air bounces off surfaces and churns; cleaning, warming, and humidifying air while giving time for olfactory receptors to receive stimuli

54
Q

Nose

A

Primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system

55
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin with four bound molecules of oxygen

56
Q

Partial pressure

A

Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases

57
Q

Perfusion

A

Process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in its biological tissue

58
Q

Pharynx

A

The throat; a muscular passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory tracts

59
Q

Pleura

A

The serous membrane that lines the pleural cavities

60
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Moist, slippery coating that provides lubrication to the lungs

61
Q

Pleurisy

A

Pleural inflammation; the secretion of pleural fluid may be excessive, or the inflamed pleurae may adhere to one another, limiting movement

62
Q

Pneumonia

A

Develops from an infection or any other stimulus that causes inflammation of the lobules of the lung

63
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Break in the fluid bond between the pleurae , allows elastic fibers to recoil, resulting in a collapsed lung

64
Q

Primary bronchi

A

First branches off trachea; service right and left lung

65
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Blockage of a branch of a pulmonary artery stopping blood flow to a group of lobules or alveoli

66
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air that remains in lungs even after a maximal exhalation, typically 1200 mL in males and 1100 mL in females

67
Q

Respiratory centers

A

Cerebral cortex, pons, medulla oblongata

68
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Inadequate surfactant production creates excessive surface tension, causing alveoli to collapse

69
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Location of gas exchange in the alveoli; three layers, squamous epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and the fused basement membranes that lie between the alveolar and endothelial cells

70
Q

Respiratory minute volume

A

The amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute

71
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system

72
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Number of breaths taken in one minute

73
Q

Respiratory system

A

Composed of structures involved in ventilation and gas exchange

74
Q

Respiratory tract

A

Passageways that carry air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs

75
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

First branches off primary bronchi; one per lobe of lung

76
Q

Sinuses

A

Cavities in bone

77
Q

Spirometer

A

Instrument used to measure lung volume

78
Q

Surface tension

A

Attraction between water molecules at an air-water boundary

79
Q

Surfactant

A

A lipid secretion that coats the alveolar surfaces of the lungs and prevents their collapse

80
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Largest laryngeal cartilage, forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx

81
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during a normal quiet respiratory cycle

82
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Total volume of lungs; vital capacity plus residual volume, 6000 mL in males and 4200 mL in females

83
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe; an airway extending from the larynx to the primary bronchi

84
Q

Tracheal cartilages

A

Serve to stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway, as well as prevent it from collapsing or over expanding as pressures change in the respiratory system

85
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacterial infection that colonizes the respiratory passageways, the interstitial space, the alveoli, or a combination of the three

86
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

Unusually thin, sites of gas diffusion

87
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

Produce surfactant

88
Q

Ventilation

A

Air movement into and out of the lungs

89
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that can be moved into our out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle; sum of excretory reserve volume, tidal volume, and the inspiratory reserve volume

90
Q

Vocal folds

A

Vocal cords

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

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