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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 23 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Respiratory System Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Patrol the epithelial surface, phagocytizing any particles that have eluded other defenses

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2
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute, typically tidal volume minutes 150 mL times breaths per minute

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3
Q

Alveoli

A

Air-filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange between air and blood takes place

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4
Q

Anoxia

A

Inadequate oxygen reaching body tissues

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5
Q

Asthma

A

Excessive stimulation of the smooth muscles of bronchioles that can almost completely prevent airflow along the terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed lung

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7
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Weight of Earth’s atmosphere

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8
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Move into the plasma with the aid of a countertransport mechanism that exchanges intracellular bicarbonate ions for extracellular chloride ions

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9
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P = 1/V; reciprocal relationship between pressure and volume

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10
Q

BPG

A

2,3-bisphospoglycerate; has a direct effect on oxygen binding and release, the higher the concentration of BPG, the greater the releases of oxygen by Hb molecules

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11
Q

Bronchioles

A

Branches of tertiary bronchus within a bronchopulmonary segment

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12
Q

Bronchitis

A

Bronchi and bronchioles inflamed and constricted due to respiratory infection

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13
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Reduction in the diameter of the airway

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14
Q

Bronchodilation

A

Enlargement of the diameter of the airway

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15
Q

Bronchus

A

Branch of the bronchial tree between the trachea and bronchioles

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16
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide molecules

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17
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Excessive buildup of carbon monoxide of bloodstream; results in inactivation of heme for respiratory purposes

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18
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the carbonic acid reaction; important in carbon dioxide transport

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19
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an action potential; a chemosensor detects certain chemical stimuli in the environment

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20
Q

Chloride shift

A

The movement of plasma chloride ions into red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions generated by the intracellular dissociation of carbonic acid

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21
Q

Compliance

A

Expandability; the ability of certain organs to tolerate changes in volume; indicates the presence of elastic fibers and smooth muscles

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22
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Respiratory mucosa produces dense, viscous mucus what cannot be transported by the respiratory defense system; mucus escalator stops working, leading to frequent infections

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23
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Each gas contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance

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24
Q

Diaphragm

A

The respiratory muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

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25
Emphysema
Chronic, progressive condition characterized by shortness of breath and an inability to tolerate physical exertion
26
Epiglottis
A blade-shaped flap of tissue, reinforced by cartilage, that is attached to the posterior and superior surface of the thyroid cartilage; folds over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing
27
Epistaxis
Nosebleed
28
Expiration
Exhalation
29
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be voluntarily expelled after a normal, quiet respiratory cycle
30
External respiration
The diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and the alveolar capillaries and between the systemic capillaries and peripheral tissues; diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
31
Functional residual capacity
Amount of air remaining in lungs after a quiet respiratory cycle; sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
32
Glottis
Vocal apparatus of the larynx, made up of the vocal folds and the space between them
33
Heme group
A porphyrin ring containing a central iron atom that can reversibly bind oxygen molecules; a component of the hemoglobin molecule
34
Hemoglobin
A protein composed of four globular subunits, each bound to a heme molecule; gives red blood cells the ability to transport oxygen in the blood
35
Hemoglobin saturation
Percentage of heme units containing bound oxygen at any given moment
36
Henry’s law
At a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
37
Hypercapnia
High blood carbon dioxide concentrations, commonly as a result of hypoventilation or inadequate tissue perfusion
38
Hyperventilation
A rate of respiration sufficient to decrease blood PCO2 to levels below normal
39
Hypocapnia
An abnormally low blood PCO2; commonly results from hyperventilation
40
Hypoventilation
A respiratory rate that is insufficient to keep blood PCO2 within normal levels
41
Hypoxia
A low tissue oxygen concentration
42
Inspiration
Inhalation
43
Inspiratory capacity
Amount of air that can be dawn into lungs after a quiet respiratory cycle; sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
44
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be taken in over and above tidal volume; 3300 mL in males and 1900 mL in females
45
Internal respiration
The diffusion of gases between interstitial fluid and cytoplasm
46
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure in the pleural cavity
47
Intrapulmonary pressure
Pressure inside the respiratory tract at the alveoli
48
Laryngeal prominence
Adam's apple
49
Larynx
A complex cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis and vocal cords; the superior margin is bound to the hyoid bone, and the inferior margin is bound to the trachea
50
Lungs
Paired organs of breathing enclosed by the pleural cavities
51
Nares
Entrance to the nasal cavity
52
Nasal cavity
A chamber in the skull that is bounded by the internal and external nares
53
Nasal conchae
Narrow grooves where incoming air bounces off surfaces and churns; cleaning, warming, and humidifying air while giving time for olfactory receptors to receive stimuli
54
Nose
Primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system
55
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin with four bound molecules of oxygen
56
Partial pressure
Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases
57
Perfusion
Process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in its biological tissue
58
Pharynx
The throat; a muscular passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory tracts
59
Pleura
The serous membrane that lines the pleural cavities
60
Pleural fluid
Moist, slippery coating that provides lubrication to the lungs
61
Pleurisy
Pleural inflammation; the secretion of pleural fluid may be excessive, or the inflamed pleurae may adhere to one another, limiting movement
62
Pneumonia
Develops from an infection or any other stimulus that causes inflammation of the lobules of the lung
63
Pneumothorax
Break in the fluid bond between the pleurae , allows elastic fibers to recoil, resulting in a collapsed lung
64
Primary bronchi
First branches off trachea; service right and left lung
65
Pulmonary embolism
Blockage of a branch of a pulmonary artery stopping blood flow to a group of lobules or alveoli
66
Residual volume
Amount of air that remains in lungs even after a maximal exhalation, typically 1200 mL in males and 1100 mL in females
67
Respiratory centers
Cerebral cortex, pons, medulla oblongata
68
Respiratory distress syndrome
Inadequate surfactant production creates excessive surface tension, causing alveoli to collapse
69
Respiratory membrane
Location of gas exchange in the alveoli; three layers, squamous epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and the fused basement membranes that lie between the alveolar and endothelial cells
70
Respiratory minute volume
The amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute
71
Respiratory mucosa
Lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system
72
Respiratory rate
Number of breaths taken in one minute
73
Respiratory system
Composed of structures involved in ventilation and gas exchange
74
Respiratory tract
Passageways that carry air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs
75
Secondary bronchi
First branches off primary bronchi; one per lobe of lung
76
Sinuses
Cavities in bone
77
Spirometer
Instrument used to measure lung volume
78
Surface tension
Attraction between water molecules at an air-water boundary
79
Surfactant
A lipid secretion that coats the alveolar surfaces of the lungs and prevents their collapse
80
Thyroid cartilage
Largest laryngeal cartilage, forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx
81
Tidal volume
The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during a normal quiet respiratory cycle
82
Total lung capacity
Total volume of lungs; vital capacity plus residual volume, 6000 mL in males and 4200 mL in females
83
Trachea
The windpipe; an airway extending from the larynx to the primary bronchi
84
Tracheal cartilages
Serve to stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway, as well as prevent it from collapsing or over expanding as pressures change in the respiratory system
85
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection that colonizes the respiratory passageways, the interstitial space, the alveoli, or a combination of the three
86
Type I pneumocytes
Unusually thin, sites of gas diffusion
87
Type II pneumocytes
Produce surfactant
88
Ventilation
Air movement into and out of the lungs
89
Vital capacity
Maximum amount of air that can be moved into our out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle; sum of excretory reserve volume, tidal volume, and the inspiratory reserve volume
90
Vocal folds
Vocal cords

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

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