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AP II Exam 1 > Chapter 12 part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

each synaptic terminal is part of a _______

A

synapse

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2
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a specialized site where a neuron communicates with another cell

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3
Q

every synapse involves ____ cells:

A

2 CELLS

presynaptic cell – sends a message. INCLUDES the synaptic terminal

postsynaptic cell – receives the message

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4
Q

what separates the 2 cells involved in a synapse?

A

the synaptic cleft

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5
Q

in communication between 2 cells, the synaptic terminal of the ____ cell most commonly releases _____ into the ___

A

the synaptic terminal of the PRESYNAPTIC CELL releases chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTERS into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT

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6
Q

neurotransmitter release is triggered by what?

A

electrical events, such as the arrival of an action potential

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7
Q

neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell flood the ___ and affect the activity of the ____

A

flood the SYNAPTIC CLEFT and affect the activity of the POSTSYNAPTIC CELL

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8
Q

The presynaptic cell is usually a ____

the postsynaptic cell is usually a ____

A

the presynaptic cell is usually a NEURON

the postsynaptic cell can either be a neuron or another type of cell

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9
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

a synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell

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10
Q

what is a secretory cell

A

a gland cell

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11
Q

what is the site called where a neuron controls or regulates the activity of a secretory cell?

A

a neuroglandular junction

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12
Q

do neurons only innervate secretory cells and muscles?

A

no – also a variety of other cells, such as adipocytes (fat cells)

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13
Q

does the structure of the synaptic terminal vary?

A

yes – varies with the type of postynaptic cell

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14
Q

a relatively simple, round synaptic terminal occurs when….

A

the postynaptic cell is another neuron

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15
Q

at a synapse, what separates the presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membrane?

A

the narrow synaptic cleft

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16
Q

neurotransmitters are released from the ______synaptic membrane

A

pre

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17
Q

the ____synaptic membrane bears receptors for neurotransmitters

A

postsynaptic

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18
Q

each synaptic terminal contains….

A

mitochondria, portions of the endoplasmic reticulum, and thousands of vesicles filled with neurotransmitter molecules

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19
Q

explain what a synaptic terminal does that improves efficiency

A

a synaptic terminal reabsorbs breakdown products of neurotransmitters formed at the synapse and reassembles them.

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20
Q

explain the supply of neurotransmitters to the synaptic terminal

A

the synaptic terminal receives a continuous supply of neurotransmitters synthesized in the cell body, along with enzymes and lysosomes

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21
Q

explain the travel of the materials previously mentioned (neurotransmitters, enzymes, and lysosomes) to the synaptic terminal

A

these materials come from the cell body (neurotransmitters are synthesized there) and travel along the length of the axon on NEUROTUBULES. they are pulled along by MOLECULAR MOTORS — kinesin and dynein – both are ATP dependent

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22
Q

the movement of materials between the cell body and synaptic terminals is called…..

A

axoplasmic transport

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23
Q

do vesicles containing neurotransmitters move fast or slow compared to vesicles with other materials?

A

vesicles containing neurotransmitters move FAST (called “fast stream” — 5-10mm per hour)

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24
Q

is axoplasmic transport unidirectional?

A

NO – it occurs in both directions

from the cell body to the synaptic terminal is called anterograde flow

substances moving TOWARD the cell body is termed retrograde flow

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25
Q

in ANTEROGRADE flow, the substances are carried by ______

A

kinesin

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26
Q

in RETROGRADE FLOW, the substances are carried by ______

A

dynein

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27
Q

what happens if debris or unusual chemicals appear in the synaptic terminal?

A

retrograde flow delivers them to the cell body

there, they may alter the activity of the cell by turning certain genes on or off

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28
Q

do kinesin and dynein require ATP?

A

YES

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29
Q

Name the STRUCTURAL classifications of neurons

A

anaxonic
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar

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30
Q

describe the structural neuron anaxonic
and where they are located

A

small. all the cell processes look alike (axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites)
located in the brain and special sense organs

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31
Q

Describe a bipolar neuron and where they are located

A

bipolar neurons have 2 distinct processes — one dendrite that branches into dendritic branches, and one axon. cell body is between the 2

they are in special sense organs where they relay information about sight, smell, or hearing from receptor cells to other neurons

RARE

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32
Q

describe a unipolar neuron and where it is located

A

the dendrites and axon are CONTIUOUS with the cell body in the middle, but off to the side.

where the dendrites converge is considered the initial segment.

the rest of the length is considered to be an axon

most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system are unipolar.

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33
Q

most sensory neurons of the PNS are _______

A

unipolar

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34
Q

the longest unipolar neurons carry sensations from ____ to _____

A

the tips of the toes to the spinal cord

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35
Q

explain multipolar neurons and where they are found

A

multipolar neurons have 2 or more dendrites and a single axon.

MOST COMMON NEURONS IN THE CNS

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36
Q

what are the 2 longest structural neurons

A

multipolar and unipolar

37
Q

what are the most common structural neurons in the CNS?

A

multipolar neurons

38
Q

all the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are __ neurons

A

multipolar

39
Q

classify neurons by their function

A

-sensory neurons
-interneurons
-motor neurons

40
Q

sensory neurons could also be called __ neurons

motor neurons can also be called ____ neurons

A

sensory neurons — afferent neurons

motor neurons — efferent neurons

41
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

a collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

42
Q

the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in…..

A

peripheral sensory ganglia

43
Q

sensory neurons are _____ neurons whose processes are known as……

A

UNIPOLAR neurons, whose processes are known as afferent fibers

44
Q

afferent fibers extend between…..

A

a sensory receptor and the CNS

45
Q

what do sensory neurons do?

A

collect information about the internal or external environment

46
Q

what are 2 categories of sensory neurons?
contrast their function

A

somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons

somatic sensory neurons – monitor the OUTSIDE world

visceral sensory neurons – monitor internal conditions and the status of other organ systems

47
Q

categorize the sensory receptors and differentiate them

A

interoreceptors, exteroreceptors, proprioreceptors

interoreceptors – monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems

exteroreceptors – provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, temperature, or pressure sensations.

proprioreceptors – monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

48
Q

do we have more motor neurons or sensory neurons?

A

way more sensory (10 million vs half a million)

49
Q

what are efferent fibers?

A

axons travelling away from the CNS

50
Q

the 2 major efferent systems are….

A

the SNS and ANS

51
Q

The SNS includes which motor neurons?

A

somatic motor neurons – innervate skeletal muscles.

52
Q

the cell body of somatic motor neurons lies ___ and extends ____

A

lies in the CNS and its axon extends within a peripheral nerve to innervate skeletal muscle fibers at a neuromuscular junction

53
Q

___________ innervate all peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscles

A

visceral motor neurons

54
Q

visceral motor neurons are part of…….

A

the ANS

55
Q

name the peripheral effectors that visceral motor neurons innervate

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue throughout the body

56
Q

explain how visceral motor neurons innervate peripheral effectors (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue)

A

the axons of visceral motor neurons in the CNS innervate a SECOND set of visceral motor neurons in peripheral autonomic ganglia.

the neurons whose cell bodies are in that ganglia innervate and control these peripheral effectors

therefore, to get from the CNS to a peripheral effector, a signal must travel along 1 axon, be relayed across a synapse, and then travel along a SECOND axon to its final destination

57
Q

the axons extending from the CNS –> autonomic ganglion are called….

A

pregangliolic fibers

58
Q

axons connecting autonomic ganglion –> peripheral effectors are called….

A

postganglionic fibers

59
Q

___ outnumber all other types of neurons combined

A

interneurons

60
Q

interneurons could also be called…..

A

association neurons

61
Q

MOST interneurons are located where?

A

in the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

62
Q

what is the function of interneurons?

A

interneurons distribute sensory information and coordinate motor activity

63
Q

how many interneuron(s) are located between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron?

A

1 or more.
the more complex the response to a given stimulus, the more interneurons are involved

64
Q

give another function of interneurons BESIDES distributing sensory information and coordinating motor activity

A

higher functions, such as memory, planning, and learning

65
Q

neuroglia account for about ___ the volume of the nervous system

A

half

66
Q

which contains a greater variety of neuroglial cell types —— the PNS or the CNS?

A

the CNS

67
Q

name the neuroglia found in the central nervous system

A

ependymal cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

68
Q

what are the neuroglia found in the PNS

A

satellite cells
Schwaan cells

69
Q

give the FUNCTIONS of the neuroglia found in the CNS

A

ependymal cells — line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord); assist in producing, cicrulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid

astrocytes — MAINTAIN THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. structural support, regulate ion nutrition and dissolved gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury

Oligodendrocytes — myelinate CNS axons. provide structural framework

microglia — remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis. (type of phagocyte)

70
Q

give the FUNCTIONS of the PNS neuroglia

A

satellite cells — surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia. regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in the ganglia

Schwaan cells — surround all axons in the PNS. responsible for myelination of peripheral axons. participate in repair process after injury

71
Q

ependymal cells form a _____

A

EPITHELIUM called the ependyma

72
Q

what are the largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS?

A

astrocytes

73
Q

what does the blood brain barrier do?

A

isolates the CNS from general circulation.
compounds in circulating blood do NOT have free access to the interstitial fluid of the CNS

74
Q

neural tissue must be ___ and ____ isolated from general circulation. why?

A

physically and biochemically
hormones, amino acids, or other chemicals in the blood can alter neuron function

75
Q

what controls the chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid ?

A

endothelial cells lining CNS capillaries

76
Q

these endothelial cells lining the CNS capillaries make up what?

A

the Blood brain barrier

77
Q

explain how astrocytes maintain the blood brain barrier

A

the slender cytoplasmic extensions of astrocytes wrap around and form a complete blanket around the capillaries.
astrocytes secrete chemicals that maintain the selective permeability of endothelial cells

78
Q

what is the function of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and where is it located?

A

CSF fills the longitudinal axis of the brain and spinal cord, this fluid circulates continuously and provides a protective cushion that transports gases, nutrients, waste, and other materials.

79
Q

the “passageway” filled with CSF – explain how it is different between the brain and the spinal cord

A

in the spinal cord, this passageway is narrow and is called the central canal
in the brain, the passageway forms enlarged chambers called VENTRICLES

80
Q

What lines the central canal and ventricles of the brain?

A

ependymal cells

81
Q

which neuroglia myelinates CNS axons

A

oligodendrocytes

82
Q

what is myelin?

A

cytoplasmic wrapping of oligodendrocytes around the axolemma of a neuron.
myelin serves as electrical insulation and increases the speed at which an action potential travels along an axon

83
Q

what is an INTERNODE?

A

The fairly large areas of an axon that are wrapped in myelin

84
Q

what are nodes?

A

nodes are the small gaps that separate adjacent internodes

85
Q

in dissection, myelinated axons appear ____. why?

A

glossy white due to the lipids in the myelin

regions dominated by myelinated axons are known as WHITE MATTER

86
Q

are all axons in the CNS myelinated?

A

no!
unmyelinated axons are common where short axons and collaterals form synapses with densely packed neuron cell bodies. this area is known as GRAY MATTER

87
Q

What are the least numerous and smallest neuroglia in the CNS

A

microglia

88
Q

microglia appear early in embryonic development. they originate from ___ Stem cells

A

mesodermal (also produce monocytes/macrophages)

89
Q
A

AP II Exam 1 (17 decks)

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