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AP II Exam 1 > Chapter 12 Part 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Part 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 classes of opioids in the CNS

A

endorphins
enkephalins
endomorphins
dynorphins

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2
Q

what is the primary function of opioids and how do they accomplish this

A

to relieve pain
they inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter called substance P at synapses that relay pain sensations

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3
Q

______ have far more powerful pain-relieving effects than morphine or other opioids

A

dymorphins

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4
Q

do neuromodulators have short or long term effects?

A

long term effects that are relatively slow to appear

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5
Q

opioids are _____

A

neuromodulators

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6
Q

do responses triggered by neuromodulators have 1 step??

A

NO a number of steps and intermediary compounds

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7
Q

do neuromodulators affect the pre, post, (synaptic membrane) or both?

A

both

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8
Q

are neuromodulators released alone or with a neurotransmitter?

A

can be either

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9
Q

functionally, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators fall into 1 of 3 groups:

A

-compounds that have a DIRECT EFFECT on the membrane potential

-compounds that have an INDIRECT EFFECT on the membrane potential

-lipid-soluble gasses that exert their effects inside the cell

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10
Q

neuromodulators/neurotransmitters that have a direct effect on membrane potential function by….

A

opening or closing gated ion channels

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11
Q

give examples of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators that have a DIRECT EFFECT on membrane potential and thus function by opening/closing ion gated channels.

A

ACh
glycine
aspartate

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12
Q

what does ionotropic effects mean and what compounds exhibit this

A

ionotropic effects = altering ion movement across the membrane

ACh
glycine
aspartate

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13
Q

what are “first messengers”.
explain

A

first messengers=neurotransmitters
they deliver the message to receptors on the plasma membrane or within the cell

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14
Q

what are second messengers?

A

ions or molecules that are produced or released inside of the cell WHEN A FIRST MESSENGER BINDS TO ITS RECEPTOR

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15
Q

how do compounds that have an INDIRECT effect on membrane potential work?

A

they work through intermediaries – second messengers

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16
Q

a few neurotransmitters have both direct and indirect effects.
name them and state what the “direct effects” are called and what the “indirect effects” are called

A

glutamate
GABA
Norepinephrine
serotonin

direct effects = ionotropic
indirect effects = metabotropic

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17
Q

what exactly are indirect (metabotropic) effects?

A

involve changes in the metabolic activity of the postsynaptic cell

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18
Q

in compounds that bind to receptors on the plasma membrane, the link between the first messenger and the second messenger is…..

A

a G protein

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19
Q

when G protein binds Adenylate Cyclase, what secondary messenger is involved and what does it trigger?

A

CAMP (cyclic AMP)
can open membrane channels, inactivate intracellular enzymes, or both (depending on the nature of the postsynaptic cell)

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20
Q

what are 2 examples of neurotransmitters that have INDIRECT EFFECTS VIA INTRACELLULAR ENZYMES

A

NO and CO
they enter the cell and bind to enzymes that then promote the appearance of second messengers that can affect cellular activity

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21
Q

does a single neuron receive information across only 1 synapse?

A

no – a single neuron can receive information across thousands of synapses

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22
Q

the net effect on the transmembrane potential of the _______ determines how the neurons respond.

A

axon hillock

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23
Q

if the net effect is depolarization at the axon hillock, what will happen?

A

that depolarization affects the transmembrane potential at the initial segment. if threshold is reached at the initial segment, an action potential is generated and propagated along the axon

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24
Q

this integration process, which determines the rate of action potential generation at the initial segment, is the simplest level of __________ in the nervous system

A

information processing

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25
Q

what are postsynaptic potentials?

A

graded potentials that develop in the postsynaptic membrane in response to a neurotransmitter

26
Q

what are the 2 major types of postsynaptic potentials that develop at neuron-neuron synapses?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

27
Q

what does EPSP stand for

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

28
Q

explain what an excitatory post synaptic potential is (EPSP)

A

A graded depolarization caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane

29
Q

an EPSP results from…

A

the opening of the chemically gated membrane channels that lead to depolarization of the plasma membrane

30
Q

give a specific example of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

the graded depolarization that is produced by the binding of ACh is an EPSP

31
Q

what is an IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

A

a graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

for instance, an opening of chemically gated potassium channels may result in an IPSP

32
Q

while hyperpolarization continues, (potassium continually leaves the cell), the neuron is said to be INHIBITED.
WHY?

A

because a larger than usual depolarizing stimulus is needed to bring the membrane potential to threshold

33
Q

before an action potential will arise in an initial segment, local currents must depolarize that region by at least ___ mV

A

10

34
Q

will a single EPSP result in an action potential?

A

NO
an individual EPSP only produces a depolarization of around 0.5mV

35
Q

what is summation?

A

when individual EPSPs combine which integrates the effects of all the graded potentials that affect one portion of the plasma membrane.

36
Q

“summation integrates the effects of all graded potentials that affect one portion of the plasma membrane”

the “graded potentials” are…..

A

EPSP’S, IPSP’S or both

37
Q

what are the 2 forms of summation

A

temporal summation and spatial summation

38
Q

differentiate between temporal summation and spatial summation

A

TEMPORAL SUMMATION = the addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a SINGLE SYNAPSE

SPATIAL SUMMATION = simultaneous stimuli applied at DIFFERENT locations have a cumulative effect on the transmembrane potential

39
Q

in temporal summation, are the stimuli coming at the same time?

A

NO. the stimuli are coming to the same location successively, and the first is being added to the next that comes in a chain

40
Q

in spatial summation, are the stimuli coming at the same time?

A

YES. they’re coming at the same time but at different locations

41
Q

which summation involves multiple synapses?

A

spatial

42
Q

for both summations, an action potential results when…..

A

the transmembrane potential at the initial segment reaches threshold

43
Q

in spatial summation, the degree of depolarization depends on….

A

how many synapses are active and their distance from the initial segment

44
Q

the summation of EPSP’s is happening, but depolarization of initial segment has NOT reached threshold.
what happens?

A

the closer the initial segment gets to threshold, the easier it will be for the NEXT depolarizing stimulus to trigger an action potential

45
Q

a neuron whose transmembrane potential shifts closer to threshold is said to be _____

A

facilitates

46
Q

the larger the degree of facilitation, the ____ is the additional stimulus needed to trigger an action potential

A

smaller

47
Q

what can change the postsynaptic membrane’s sensitivity to excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

neuromodulators, hormones, or both

48
Q

by shifting the balance of EPSP’s and IPSP’s, neuromodulators promote…….

A

the facilitation or inhibition of CNS and PNS neurons

49
Q

what is an axoaxonic synapse?

A

a synapse between the axons of 2 neurons

50
Q

what is presynaptic inhibition?

A

the release of a neuromodulator (ie: GABA) inhibits the opening of voltage gated calcium channels in the synaptic terminal. this reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released when an action potential arrives there, and thus reduces the effects of synaptic activity on the postsynaptic membrane

51
Q

presynaptic inhibition and facilitation are happening at what synapses?

A

axoaxonic

52
Q

what is happening in presynaptic facilitation

A

activity at an axoaxonic synapse INCREASES the amount of neurotransmitter released when an action potential arrives at the synaptic terminal

53
Q

which neurotransmitter is involved in presynaptic facilitation?

A

serotonin

54
Q

in the presence of serotonin released at an axoaxonic synapse, voltage-gated calcium channels remain open ______

A

longer

55
Q

in presynaptic facilitation, are the neurotransmitter’s effects suppressed or increased?

A

neurotransmitter’s effects are enhanced and prolonged

56
Q

the degree of sensory stimulation or the strength of motor response is directly proportional to what?

A

THE FREQUENCY OF ACTION POTENTIALS

57
Q

The frequency of action potentials depends on what?

A

the degree of depolarization above threshold
the greater the degree of polarization, the higher the frequency of action potentials

58
Q

the membrane can respond to a SECOND stimulus only after…

A

the absolute refractory period ends

59
Q

the maximum theoretical frequency of action potentials is established by…

A

the duration of the absolute refractory period

60
Q

in which axons is the absolute refractory period the shortest?

A

in large diameter axons

61
Q
A

AP II Exam 1 (17 decks)

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