Chapter 12 - Personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

The biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within a person that accounts for distinctive and relatively enduring pattern of thinking, feeling, and act

Question 2

psychic energy

Answer 2

Generated by instinctual drives, this energy powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect release

Question 3

id

Answer 3

The primitive and unconscious part of the personality that contains the instincts

Question 4

ego

Answer 4

The executive of the personality that was partly conscious and that mediates between the impulses of the id, the prohibitions of the superego, and the dictations of reality

Question 5

pleasure principle

Answer 5

The drive for instant need gratification that is characteristic of the id

Question 6

superego

Answer 6

The moral arm of the personality that internalizes the standards and values of society and serves as the person’s conscience

Question 7

sublimination

Answer 7

defense mechanism

- a repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable or even admired behaiour

Question 8

defense mechanisms

Answer 8

Unconscious processes by which the ego prevents the expression of anxiety arousing impulses or allows them to appear in disguised form

Question 9

reality principle

Answer 9

The egos tendency to take reality into account and act in rational fashion to satisfy it’s needs

Question 10

repression

Answer 10

The basic defense mechanism not actively keeps anxiety arousing material in the unconscious

Question 11

analytic psychology

Answer 11

Jungs expansion of Freud’s notion of the unconscious; don’t believe that humans possess not only a personal unconscious based on their life experiences, but also a collective unconscious that consists of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race

Question 12

archetypes

Answer 12

Innate concepts and memories that reside in the collective unconscious *Jung

Question 13

object relations

Answer 13

The images and mental representation that form of themselves and other people as a result of early experience caregivers

Question 14

self

Answer 14

In Rogers theory, and organize, consistent set of perceptions and believes about oneself

Question 15

self-consistency

Answer 15

An absence of conflict among self perception

Question 16

congruence

Answer 16

Consistency between self-perceptions and experience

Question 17

threat

Answer 17

Any experience we have that is inconsistent with our self-concept, including our perception of our own behaviour

Question 18

need for positive regard

Answer 18

An innate need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others

Question 19

unconditional positive regard

Answer 19

communicates that someone is inherently worth love

*conditional positive regard - conditional dependent on how child behaves

Question 20

need for self-regard

Answer 20

Positive regard from self

Question 21

conditions of worth

Answer 21

Internalize standards of self-worth fostered by conditional positive regard from others

Question 22

fully functioning persons

Answer 22

Rogers theory for self actualized people who are free from unrealistic conditions of work and who exhibit congruence, spontaneity, creativity, and the desire to develop still further

Question 23

self-esteem

Answer 23

How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves

Question 24

self-verification

Answer 24

The tendency to try to verify or validate one’s existing self-concept that is, to satisfy congruence needs

Question 25

self-enhancement

Answer 25

Process whereby one enhances positive self regard

Question 26

gender schemas

Answer 26

Organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviors that are appropriate as expected for males and females

Question 27

self-monitoring

Answer 27

A personality trait that reflects peoples tendencies to regulate their social behavior in accordance with situational cues as opposed to internal values, attitudes, and needs

Question 28

social cognitive theory

Answer 28

- Cognitive behavioral approach to personality - Developed by Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel - Emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes, and self-regulation

Question 29

reciprocal determinism

Answer 29

Bandura's model of two-way casual relations between people, behavior, and the environment

Question 30

internal-external locus of control

Answer 30

Roger's generalized expectancy that one's outcomes are under personal vs. external control

Question 31

self-efficiacy

Answer 31

The conviction that we can perform the behaviors necessary to produce a desired outcome

Question 32

behavioral assesment

Answer 32

Explicit coding system devised by psychologists that contains the behavioral categories of interest

Question 33

remote behavior sampling

Answer 33

Researchers and clinicians collect samples of behavior from respondents as they live their daily lives

Question 34

rational approach

Answer 34

An approach to test construction in which test items are made up on the basis of theorists conception of a construct

Question 35

empirical approach

Answer 35

An approach to test construction in which items are chosen that differentiate between two groups that are known to differ on a particular personality variable

Question 36

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 36

A widely used personality test's items were developed using the empirical approach and by comparing various kinds of psychiatric patients with normal patients

Question 37

projective tests

Answer 37

Tests, such as the Rorschach and the TAT, That present ambiguous stimuli to the subject; the responses are seem to be based on a projection of internal characteristics of the person onto the stimuli

Question 38

factor analysis

Answer 38

A statistical technique that permit the a researcher to reduce a large number of measures to small number of clusters of factors; it identifies clusters of behavior or test scores that are highly correlated with one another