Chapter 12: Psychopathology

Question 1

In psychiatry, an abnormality that reflects insufficient functioning. Examples include emotional and social withdrawal, blunted affect, and slow and impoverished thought and speech.

Answer 1

negative symptom

Question 2

In psychiatry, an abnormal behavioral state. Examples include hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior.

Answer 2

positive symptom

Question 3

A severe psychopathological disorder characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

Answer 3

schizophrenia

Question 4

A drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.
Commonly used to treat depression

Answer 4

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Question 5

The modern view is that schizophrenia is caused by the interaction of ______ factors and ______.

Answer 5

genetic

stress

Question 6

Most patients with schizophrenia have enlarged _______ _______, especially the lateral ones.

Answer 6

cerebral ventricles

Question 7

Cortical abnormalities in schizophrenia.

Answer 7

Thickening of corpus callosum
Loss of gray matter
Hypofrontality
Hippocampal cellular disorganization

Question 8

Patients with scizophrenia shoe relatively less metabolic activity in the _____ _____ in comparison to their _____ _____.

Answer 8

frontal lobes

posterior lobes

Question 9

The idea that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes.

Answer 9

Hypofrontality hypothesis

Question 10

Any of a class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors.

Answer 10

antipsychotic or neuroleptic

Question 11

The idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

Answer 11

dopamine hypothesis

Question 12

The idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors

Answer 12

glutamate hypothesis

Question 13

A delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia, that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine.

Answer 13

amphetamine psychosis

Question 14

An antipsychotic drug that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism.

Answer 14

Atypical neuroleptic

Question 15

An antipsychotic drug that replaced lobotomy as a treatment for schizophrenia.

Answer 15

Chlorpromazine

Question 16

3 typical neuroleptics

Answer 16

Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine
Haloperidol

Question 17

2 atypical neuroleptics

Answer 17

Clozapine

Risperidone

Question 18

An antischizophrenic drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors.

Answer 18

Typical neuroleptic

Question 19

The long-term motor problem associated with the use of many antipsychotic drugs

Answer 19

Tardive dyskinesia

Question 20

Non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist.
Also called angel dust. An anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug. PCP makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment.

Answer 20

phencyclidine (PCP)

Question 21

A dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist.

Answer 21

ketamine

Question 22

Depression that alternates with normal emotional states.

Answer 22

Unipolar depression

Question 23

PET scans of depressed patients show increases in _____ _____ , suggesting greater activity, in the prefrontal cortex and the ______ compared to control subjects.

Answer 23

blood flow

amygdala

Question 24

Depressed patients show:
Decreased blood flow in \_\_\_\_\_\_ and 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ cortex, and the anterior cingulate gyrus
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thinning
Difficulty regulating \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 24

parietal
temporal
Cortical
stress hormones

Question 25

A last-resort treatment for unmanageable depression in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure.

Answer 25

electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

Question 26

The drug class that inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Answer 26

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 27

The drug class that inihibits the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine.

Answer 27

Tricyclics and heterocyclics

Question 28

A drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia.

Answer 28

psychotomimetic

Question 29

An enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters.

Answer 29

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 30

A psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating.

Answer 30

Depression

Question 31

A false belief that is strongly held in spite of contrary evidence.

Answer 31

Delusion

Question 32

Any of a class of antianxiety drugs that are agonists of GABA receptors in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Valium).

Answer 32

Benzodiazepine

Question 33

A substance that is used to combat anxiety. Examples include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines.

Answer 33

Anxiolytic

Question 34

Any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Answer 34

Anxiety disorder

Question 35

Formerly called combat fatigue, war neurosis, or shell shock. A disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim.

Answer 35

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 36

Patients with anxiety disorders may have ______ lobe and the _______ abnormalities.

Answer 36

temporal | amgydala

Question 37

Benzodiapzepines boost _____-mediated postsynaptic inhibition.

Answer 37

GABA

Question 38

Patients with PTSD may have smaller volume of their right ________.

Answer 38

hippocampus

Question 39

A comprehensive view of PTSD emphasizes the contributions of three mechanisms: fear conditioning, extinction, and behavioral sensitization. Complete the following statements about this model of PTSD: Persistence of memory and fear may depend on the failure of mechanisms to _____. The brain areas implicated in expression of fear and startle response are the _______ and some _________ pathways. PTSD sufferers demonstrate long-term reduction in levels of the stress hormone _______.

Answer 39

forget amygdala brainstem cortisol

Question 40

Early PET studies revealed that people with OCD show increased activity in the ________ cortex and in the caudate nucleus.

Answer 40

orbitofrontal

Question 41

Patients with Parkinson's disease have motor impairments such as _____ and a slow gait. They also may show a loss of ________ neurons in the basal ganglia.

Answer 41

Tremor

Question 42

Patients with Huntington's Disease have ______ motor activity. They also have destruction of neurons in the caudate nucleus and _____ ______.

Answer 42

increased | basal ganglia

Question 43

Patients with Alzheimer's disease show: Progressive impairment/loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and ________. _________ tangles ___ protein plaques Cellular ________

Answer 43

hippocampus Neurofibrillary Tau disorganization