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AP Human Geography > Chapter 12: Service > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Service Flashcards

Ap Human

1
Q

Define a Service

A

An activity that fulfills a human want or need in exchange for money

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2
Q

Define a Settlement

A

A permanent collection of building where people reside, work and obtain services

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3
Q

How much of Earth is settled?

A

1%

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4
Q

Why are more services found in MDCs?

A
  • Can afford services
  • Services locate near settlements in order to attract customers
  • Market oriented
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of services?

A
  1. Consumer
  2. Business
  3. Public
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6
Q

Define a Consumer Service:

A

Provided services for PEOPLE
ex: healthcare, education, hair dresser

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7
Q

What percentage of Americans work in consumer services?

A

50%

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8
Q

Define a Business Service:

A

Provides services to other BUSINESSES
ex: lawyer, truck driver, accountant

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9
Q

What percentage of Americans work in business services?

A

25%

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10
Q

Define a Public Service:

A

Provides services for SECURITY/PROTECTION of US CITIZENS and Businesses
ex: Police, firefighter, government workers (bureaucracy)

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11
Q

What percentage of Americans work in public services?

A

10%

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12
Q

What is the percentage of Americans who work in Secondary/Primary Jobs?

A

15%

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13
Q

What is the percentage of GDP America makes from Service/Tertiary jobs?

A

70+ %

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14
Q

What is the Central Place theory?

A

Developed by Walter Christaller in the 1930’s, discusses how the most profitable location can be identified.

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15
Q

What are the 5 ruled on The Central Place Theory?

A
  1. The greater distance from another same sized place
  2. The greater number of retail/service functions
  3. The larger trade area (downtown)
  4. The higher the order of functions (quality)
  5. The fewer such places in a region (exclusivity)
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16
Q

Define Range:

A

Maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to purchase a retail good or service.

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17
Q

Define Threshold:

A

minimum number of people customers and sales needed for a business to make a profit.

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18
Q

Define Rushton’s Indifference Curve:

A

People are willing to travel farther to a larger place than to a smaller place because of multipurpose trips.

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19
Q

What shape does the Central Place Theory use when mapping settlement patterns?

A

Hexagons

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20
Q

What are some geographic assumptions Christaller made in CPT?

A
  • “featureless” Landscape on an infinite plane
  • Uniform homogenous population distribution
  • High-order central places also offer lower-order functions
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21
Q

What are some Behavioral(economic) assumptions Chistaller made in CPT?

A
  • Consumers shop at the closest place possible
  • Consumers do not go beyond the range of good
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22
Q

How did August Losch extend CPT?

A

Created City-Rich and City-Poor sectors

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23
Q

City-rich factors:

A
  • more services
  • good transportation
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24
Q

City-poor factors:

A
  • low-income populations
  • few services/businesses
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25
Q

What is the Rank-Size Rule?

A

The country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

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26
Q

Define Primate City:

A

A countries largest city

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27
Q

What is the Primate City Rule?

A

The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the 2nd-ranking settlement.

28
Q

Define the Gravity Model?

A

Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

29
Q

What are 2 Basic patterns of the Gravity Model?

A
  1. The greater the number of people living in a particular place, the greater the number of potential customers for a service
  2. The farther people are from a particular service, the less likely the are to use it.
30
Q

Describe Food Deserts:

A

Areas of cities not served by grocery stores

31
Q

What are the 3 possibilities for the Hierarchy of Settlements?

A
  1. Rank-Size Rule
  2. Primate
  3. Irregular
32
Q

How are Cities ranked?

A
  • Based on QUALITY
  • And QUANTITY of services
33
Q

Tier Rankings

A

Top Tier/ Second Tier/ Third Tier

34
Q

World Cities Rankings (Rubenstein)

A

Dominant/ Major/ Secondary/ 4th Level

35
Q

Global Cities Rankings

A

Alpha ++ through Gamma -

36
Q

Offshoring

A

Companies move their back-offices to other countries

37
Q

Outsourcing

A

Contracting work to non-company employees or other companies to reduce cost.

38
Q

Where does Offshoring usually take place?

A

Micro-states
ex: Caribbean Islands, Liechtenstein, San Mario

39
Q

What is Back-Office?

A

Paper work, payroll, insurance claim

40
Q

What are Call-centers?

A

Help lines, customer service

41
Q

Why do Call - Centers now situate in LDCs?

A

They place these call centers in an English speaking LDC which has low-wages for these workers and weak labor regulations.

42
Q

Who created the Talent Index?

A

Richard Florida

43
Q

What did the Talent Index Measure?

A
  • people with college degrees
  • who are scientists and engineers
  • and people employed as professionals or technicians
44
Q

Who created the Coolness Index?

A

Florian Kock

45
Q

What does the Coolness Index measure?

A
  • measures a city’s bars, nightclubs, concerts
  • people in their 20s
  • art galleries & cultural activities
  • the number of LGBTQ?+ people
  • higher % of diversity = a higher % of talent, coolness
46
Q

What is the Coolest City on Earth?

A

Portland, Oregon

47
Q

Clustered Rural Settlements

A

An agricultural - based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, for safety and services.

48
Q

What are the 2 types of Clustered Rural Settlements?

A

Linear - along a road or river
Circular - in a circle

49
Q

Dispersed Rural Settlements

A

Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors, settlements started by individuals.

50
Q

Where was the 1st Urban City?

A

Ur (modern Iraq)

51
Q

Where did urbanization 1st start?

A

Mesopotamia

52
Q

What was the 1st service?

A

Corpse Disposal

53
Q

What was the Enclosure Movement?

A

From 1700-1850 in the UK, this was a series of laws that allowed the wealthy to fence property to keep the poor out of their land.

54
Q

What did the poor do after the Enclosure Movement?

A

Migrated to Cities
- Rapid Urbanizations followed
- to North America as emigrants
- 1st major wave of US migration

55
Q

How many humans live in urban areas?

A

more than 50%

56
Q

How urbanized is MDCs?

A

80%

57
Q

How urbanized is LDCs?

A

54%

58
Q

What are Wirth’s Characteristics of Cities?

A
  1. Large population and area
  2. High population Density
  3. Socially Heterogenous
59
Q

Why does Wirth claim that most LDC people live like “urbanities”?

A

Due to telecommunications and internet

60
Q

How many people are in Mega-LDC cities?

A

10 million +

61
Q

How many most populated cities are in LDCs?

A

41/50
ex: Jakarta, Delhi, Manila, Shanghai, Mexico City

62
Q

What are the 3 fastest growing LDCs?

A

Beihai, China
Ghaziabad, India
Sana’a, Yemen

63
Q

What are the 2 MDC cities that are in the top 10 of population?

A

NYC and Tokyo

64
Q

Sub-Sharan Africas urbanization rate:

A

43% and rising

65
Q

East Asia’s urbanization rate:

A

68%

66
Q

Latin America’s urbanization rate:

A

80%

AP Human Geography (2 decks)

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