Chapter 12: Service

Question 1

Define a Service

Answer 1

An activity that fulfills a human want or need in exchange for money

Question 2

Define a Settlement

Answer 2

A permanent collection of building where people reside, work and obtain services

Question 3

How much of Earth is settled?

Answer 3

1%

Question 4

Why are more services found in MDCs?

Answer 4

• Can afford services
• Services locate near settlements in order to attract customers
• Market oriented

Question 5

What are the 3 types of services?

Answer 5

1. Consumer
2. Business
3. Public

Question 6

Define a Consumer Service:

Answer 6

Provided services for PEOPLE
ex: healthcare, education, hair dresser

Question 7

What percentage of Americans work in consumer services?

Answer 7

50%

Question 8

Define a Business Service:

Answer 8

Provides services to other BUSINESSES
ex: lawyer, truck driver, accountant

Question 9

What percentage of Americans work in business services?

Answer 9

25%

Question 10

Define a Public Service:

Answer 10

Provides services for SECURITY/PROTECTION of US CITIZENS and Businesses
ex: Police, firefighter, government workers (bureaucracy)

Question 11

What percentage of Americans work in public services?

Answer 11

10%

Question 12

What is the percentage of Americans who work in Secondary/Primary Jobs?

Answer 12

15%

Question 13

What is the percentage of GDP America makes from Service/Tertiary jobs?

Answer 13

70+ %

Question 14

What is the Central Place theory?

Answer 14

Developed by Walter Christaller in the 1930’s, discusses how the most profitable location can be identified.

Question 15

What are the 5 ruled on The Central Place Theory?

Answer 15

1. The greater distance from another same sized place
2. The greater number of retail/service functions
3. The larger trade area (downtown)
4. The higher the order of functions (quality)
5. The fewer such places in a region (exclusivity)

Question 16

Define Range:

Answer 16

Maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to purchase a retail good or service.

Question 17

Define Threshold:

Answer 17

minimum number of people customers and sales needed for a business to make a profit.

Question 18

Define Rushton’s Indifference Curve:

Answer 18

People are willing to travel farther to a larger place than to a smaller place because of multipurpose trips.

Question 19

What shape does the Central Place Theory use when mapping settlement patterns?

Answer 19

Hexagons

Question 20

What are some geographic assumptions Christaller made in CPT?

Answer 20

• “featureless” Landscape on an infinite plane
• Uniform homogenous population distribution
• High-order central places also offer lower-order functions

Question 21

What are some Behavioral(economic) assumptions Chistaller made in CPT?

Answer 21

• Consumers shop at the closest place possible
• Consumers do not go beyond the range of good

Question 22

How did August Losch extend CPT?

Answer 22

Created City-Rich and City-Poor sectors

Question 23

City-rich factors:

Answer 23

• more services
• good transportation

Question 24

City-poor factors:

Answer 24

• low-income populations
• few services/businesses

Question 25

What is the Rank-Size Rule?

Answer 25

The country's nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Question 26

Define Primate City:

Answer 26

A countries largest city

Question 27

What is the Primate City Rule?

Answer 27

The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the 2nd-ranking settlement.

Question 28

Define the Gravity Model?

Answer 28

Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Question 29

What are 2 Basic patterns of the Gravity Model?

Answer 29

1. The greater the number of people living in a particular place, the greater the number of potential customers for a service 2. The farther people are from a particular service, the less likely the are to use it.

Question 30

Describe Food Deserts:

Answer 30

Areas of cities not served by grocery stores

Question 31

What are the 3 possibilities for the Hierarchy of Settlements?

Answer 31

1. Rank-Size Rule 2. Primate 3. Irregular

Question 32

How are Cities ranked?

Answer 32

- Based on QUALITY - And QUANTITY of services

Question 33

Tier Rankings

Answer 33

Top Tier/ Second Tier/ Third Tier

Question 34

World Cities Rankings (Rubenstein)

Answer 34

Dominant/ Major/ Secondary/ 4th Level

Question 35

Global Cities Rankings

Answer 35

Alpha ++ through Gamma -

Question 36

Offshoring

Answer 36

Companies move their back-offices to other countries

Question 37

Outsourcing

Answer 37

Contracting work to non-company employees or other companies to reduce cost.

Question 38

Where does Offshoring usually take place?

Answer 38

Micro-states ex: Caribbean Islands, Liechtenstein, San Mario

Question 39

What is Back-Office?

Answer 39

Paper work, payroll, insurance claim

Question 40

What are Call-centers?

Answer 40

Help lines, customer service

Question 41

Why do Call - Centers now situate in LDCs?

Answer 41

They place these call centers in an English speaking LDC which has low-wages for these workers and weak labor regulations.

Question 42

Who created the Talent Index?

Answer 42

Richard Florida

Question 43

What did the Talent Index Measure?

Answer 43

- people with college degrees - who are scientists and engineers - and people employed as professionals or technicians

Question 44

Who created the Coolness Index?

Answer 44

Florian Kock

Question 45

What does the Coolness Index measure?

Answer 45

- measures a city's bars, nightclubs, concerts - people in their 20s - art galleries & cultural activities - the number of LGBTQ?+ people - higher % of diversity = a higher % of talent, coolness

Question 46

What is the Coolest City on Earth?

Answer 46

Portland, Oregon

Question 47

Clustered Rural Settlements

Answer 47

An agricultural - based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, for safety and services.

Question 48

What are the 2 types of Clustered Rural Settlements?

Answer 48

Linear - along a road or river Circular - in a circle

Question 49

Dispersed Rural Settlements

Answer 49

Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors, settlements started by individuals.

Question 50

Where was the 1st Urban City?

Answer 50

Ur (modern Iraq)

Question 51

Where did urbanization 1st start?

Answer 51

Mesopotamia

Question 52

What was the 1st service?

Answer 52

Corpse Disposal

Question 53

What was the Enclosure Movement?

Answer 53

From 1700-1850 in the UK, this was a series of laws that allowed the wealthy to fence property to keep the poor out of their land.

Question 54

What did the poor do after the Enclosure Movement?

Answer 54

Migrated to Cities - Rapid Urbanizations followed - to North America as emigrants - 1st major wave of US migration

Question 55

How many humans live in urban areas?

Answer 55

more than 50%

Question 56

How urbanized is MDCs?

Answer 56

80%

Question 57

How urbanized is LDCs?

Answer 57

54%

Question 58

What are Wirth's Characteristics of Cities?

Answer 58

1. Large population and area 2. High population Density 3. Socially Heterogenous

Question 59

Why does Wirth claim that most LDC people live like "urbanities"?

Answer 59

Due to telecommunications and internet

Question 60

How many people are in Mega-LDC cities?

Answer 60

10 million +

Question 61

How many most populated cities are in LDCs?

Answer 61

41/50 ex: Jakarta, Delhi, Manila, Shanghai, Mexico City

Question 62

What are the 3 fastest growing LDCs?

Answer 62

Beihai, China Ghaziabad, India Sana'a, Yemen

Question 63

What are the 2 MDC cities that are in the top 10 of population?

Answer 63

NYC and Tokyo

Question 64

Sub-Sharan Africas urbanization rate:

Answer 64

43% and rising

Question 65

East Asia's urbanization rate:

Answer 65

68%

Question 66

Latin America's urbanization rate:

Answer 66

80%