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Sensations and Perceptions > chapter 12-spatial orientation and the vestibular system > Flashcards

chapter 12-spatial orientation and the vestibular system Flashcards

1
Q

problems with the vestibular system can lead to peculiar sensations

A

spatial disorientation, dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, blurred vision, illusory self-motion

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2
Q

spatial disorientation

A

any impairment of spatial orientation (sense of linear motion, angular motion, or tilt)

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3
Q

dizziness

A

nonspecific spatial disorientation; no specific direction

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4
Q

vertigo

A

sensation of rotation or spinning

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5
Q

vestibular organs/vestibular system

A

the set of five organs (3 semicircular canals and two otolith organs) located in each inner ear that sense head motion and head orientation with respect to gravity

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6
Q

vestibular organs help us in many ways, for instance; provide a sense of spatial orientation consisting of

A

linear motion, angular motion, tilt

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7
Q

spatial orientation

A

a sense comprised of three interacting sensory modalities; our sense of linear motion, angular motion and tilt

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8
Q

angular motion

A

rotation; can be sense when rotating head from side to side as if to say “no”; fluid motion

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9
Q

linear motion

A

sensed when accelerating or decelerating in a car; motion of hard substance/intertia

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10
Q

tilt

A

can be sensed when nodding head up and down as if to say “yes”; gravity

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11
Q

fluid and inertia processes what

A

acceleration, changes in velocity; starting and stopping motions

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12
Q

gravity processes what

A

acceleration force, constant acceleration

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13
Q

spatial orientation coordinates system for classifying direction on how many axes that are relative to what

A

3 axes; defined relative to the head of the person, independent of gravity

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14
Q

x axis

A

points forward, in the direction the person is facing; forward and backward

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15
Q

y axis

A

point laterally, out of the persons left ear; left and right

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16
Q

z axis

A

point vertically, out of the top of the persons head; up and down

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17
Q

linear motion-translation of movements

A

represented in terms of changes in the x y and z axes; any arbitrary linear motion can be represented as a change along these three axes

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18
Q

linear motion; vector

A

amplitude (degree of acceleration and velocity, size of head movement), direction (line one moves along)

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19
Q

three directions for sense of rotation

A

roll, pitch, yaw

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20
Q

roll

A

rotation around the x axis (maybe)

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21
Q

pitch

A

rotation around y axis (yes)

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22
Q

yaw

A

rotation around z axis (no)

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23
Q

tilt

A

more of a constant position vs a motion

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24
Q

tilt is in regard to 2 axes

A

x and y

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25
Q

semicircular canals

A

the three toroidal tubes that sense angular acceleration, a change in angular velocity;

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26
Q

otolith organs

A

mechanical structures that sense both linear acceleration and gravity

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27
Q

otolith organs offer sense of

A

linear velocity and tilt; hard structure inside that gets shifted within

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28
Q

semicircular canals source of

A

our sense of rotation; slosh fluid back and forth

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29
Q

semicircular canals have how many directions

A

3; anterior, posterior, horizontal

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30
Q

otolith organs are more localized; __ of them

A

2; utricle and saccule

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31
Q

hair cells are in semicircular canals and otolith organs

A

support the stereocilia that transduce mechanical movement in the vestibular labyrinth into neural activity sent to the brain stem

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32
Q

mechanoreceptors are in semicircular canals and otolith organs

A

sensory receptors that are responsive to mechanical stimulation (pressure, vibration, movement)

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33
Q

hair cells act as ____ in each of the five vestibular organs

A

mechanoreceptors

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34
Q

head motion causes hair stereocilia to ___, causing a change in hair cell ___ and altering ___ release (___ response)

A

deflect, voltage, neurotransmitter, gradient

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35
Q

degree to which stereocilia are bent determine how much ____ is released

A

neurotransmitter

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36
Q

hair cell responses; in the absence of stimulation

A

hair cells release neurotransmitter at a constant rate

37
Q

hair cell responses; increase firing to rotation

A

in one direction and decrease firing to rotation in the opposite direction

38
Q

hair cells have a ___ constant rate

A

high; ~100 spikes/sec vestibular nerve fibers

39
Q

convey info by

A

increase or decreasing firing rate

40
Q

depolarization

A

increase action potential rate

41
Q

hyperpolarization

A

decrease action potential rate

42
Q

amplitude

A

coded here in response rate; larger amplitude is depolarization

43
Q

stereocilia not all the same height; bend to tallest

A

depolarization

44
Q

stereocilia not all the same height; bend away from tallest

A

hyperpolarization

45
Q

semicircular canals are filled with fluid and are what shaped

A

three-fourths of a toroid (donut shape)

46
Q

ampulla

A

cross section of each canal swells substantially near where the canals join the vestibule

47
Q

base area of semicircular canals is the

A

ampulla; hair cells that get activated by movement

48
Q

edolymph

A

fluid thats moving around

49
Q

semicircular canals are more sensitive to

A

certain areas; ex. horizontal semicircular canal responds to yaw rotation

50
Q

push pull symmetry

A

hair cells in opposite ears respond in a complementary fashion to each other; when hair cells in the left ear depolarize, those in the analogous structure in the right ear hyperpolarize; overall activation is different between the 2 ears

51
Q

tallest stereocilia located in the back; fluid in both ears moves

A

in the opposite direction of head motion, increase in one ear and decrease in the other ear

52
Q

horizontal canal responds to what rotations

A

yaw

53
Q

left posterior canal and ___ paired together

A

right anterior canal

54
Q

right posterior canal and ___ paired together

A

left anterior canal

55
Q

semicircular canal dynamics (fluid movement); neural activity is sensitive to

A

changes in rotation velocity

56
Q

constant rotation of semicircular canal lead to decreased

A

responding from the canal neurons after a few seconds

57
Q

semicircular canal dynamics have a burst of activity at ____; fluid stops moving with ____ ____; when you stop moving the fluid moves ____

A

acceleration; constant movement; backward

58
Q

otolith organs sense what

A

acceleration and tilt

59
Q

two otolith organs in each ear

A

utricle and saccule

60
Q

utricle has how many hair cells

A

30,000

61
Q

saccule has how many hair cells

A

16,000

62
Q

hair cells in otolith organs are encased in what

A

otoconia

63
Q

otoconia

A

gelatinous structure that contains calcium carbonate crystals

64
Q

hair cells in otoconia have similar push pull symmetry because the stereocilia

A

converge

65
Q

coding of amplitude in the otolith organs; larger accelerations move

A

the otolith organs otoconia more, and leads to greater deflectin of the hair cell bundles

66
Q

response from tilt

A

substained

67
Q

response from rotational and linear

A

transient

68
Q

directional coding in the otolith organs arises from

A

anatomical orientation of the organs

69
Q

directional coding in the utricular macula

A

horizontal plane; tilt side to side

70
Q

utricular macula movement is sensitive to

A

horizontal linear acceleration and gravity

71
Q

directional coding in the saccular macula

A

vertical plane; tilt vertical

72
Q

saccular macula movement is sensitive to

A

vertical linear acceleration and gravity

73
Q

rotation perception

A

at first, constant rotation in the dark is perceive accurately. soon subjects feel as though they are slowing down. after 30 seconds, they no longer feel as if they are rotating.

74
Q

velocity storage

A

time course habituation for perceived velocity is slower than time course of habituation for velocity neurons

75
Q

tilt perception

A

accurate for perceiving tilt for angles between 0 degrees (upright) and 90 degrees (lying down)

76
Q

tilt perception illusion

A

if you roll tilt your head to the left or right while looking at a vertical streak of light, the light appears to tilt in the opposite direction

77
Q

sensory integration

A

the process of combining different sensory signals; leads to more accurate information than obtained from individual senses alone

78
Q

visual vestibular integration

A

vection

79
Q

vection

A

illusory sense of self motion produces when you aren’t actually moving

80
Q

sensory integration; observers looking at a rotational display report

A

rotational vection; subjects have the illusion of tilt but still feel vertical

81
Q

why don’t people feel as if they are turning upside down

A

the vestibular systems sense of gravity stops the illusion

82
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs)

A

counter rotating the eyes to counteract head movements and maintain fixation on a target; keep eyes fixated on stimuli by moving them in the opposite direction of the head

83
Q

vestibulo-autonomic responses include

A

motion sickness, vertigo

84
Q

motion sickness

A

results when there is a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals provided by the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and vision; could be an evolutionary response to being poisoned

85
Q

vertigo

A

distorted perception of orientation relative to vertical, or motion relative to the environment, accompanied by dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and postural instability; height vertigo and postural alcohol mystagmus

86
Q

blood pressure is regulated by

A

vestibulo autonomic responses

87
Q

height vertigo

A

body movement size no longer matches the visual angle changes

88
Q

postural alcohol mystagmus

A

alcohol changes the density of semicircular canals

Sensations and Perceptions (16 decks)

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