Chapter 13 Flashcards by nana Adusepoku

Leading cause of death in the United States
Affects more than ? million Americans
Claims more than ? American lives every day
Results from our way of life

CVD
92
2,200

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Consists of the heart and blood vessels-both arteries and veins
Transport ? through the body

Cardiovascular system (CVS)
Blood

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Refers to the development of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
Heart disease, heart attack, stroke, angina, blood vessel diseases, arrhythmias, congenital heart defects, and other conditions

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

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When lungs are included, the system is known as the ? or ?

Cardiorespiratory system

Cardiopulmonary system

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?-chambered muscle, fist-sized muscle

Pumps ? blood to the lungs and ? blood to the rest of the body

Heart - four
Deoxygenated
Oxygenated

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Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs

Pulmonary circulation

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Left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body
Left ventricle

Systemic circulation

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Force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels

Blood pressure

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Major Forms of Cardivascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
Coronary ? disease and ? attack
Stroke
Peripheral ? disease
? heart failure 
? heart defects
? heart disease
Heart ? disorders

Artery, heart
Arterial
Congestive
Congenital
Rheumatic
Valve

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Form of arteriosclerosis, or thickening and hardening of arteries

Atherosclerosis

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Accumulate in artery walls
Effects of atherosclerosis
CHD or CAD

Plaques

Coronary heart disease or Coronary Artery disease

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Main risk factors of atherosclerosis

? Use, ? activity, high blood ? levels, high blood ?, and ?

Tobacco
Physical
Cholesterol
Pressure
Diabetes

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Myocardial infarction (MI), is usually the result of a chronic disease process
Damage to the ? from lack of oxygenated blood
About ? of ? vitctims do not suffer chest pain

Heart attack
Heart tissue
1\3, heart attack

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? pain or pressure
•Arm, neck, or ? pain
•Difficulty ?
•Excessive ?
•Nausea and vomiting
•Loss of ?

Chest
Jaw
Breathing 
Sweating
Consciuosness

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Arteries are narrowed by disease
Stressed heart cannot receive enough oxygen
? Chest pain-may be controlled in a number if ways

Angina

Angina pectoris

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Problem with rate or rhythm of heartbeat

Sudden,unexpected death caused by loss of heart function

Arrhythmias

Sudden cardiac death

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Most deaths from a heart attack happen within ? of intial symptoms
? has an immediate anticlotting effect
If no pulse found, ?

2 hours
Aspirin
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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Detecting and treating heart disease
Most common initial tool is the ? test with an ?
If tests indicate coronary artery disease ?
If a problem is found, it is commonly treated with a metal stent or ?
Other treatments range from ? to ?

Exercise stress, Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Coronary angiogram
Balloon angioplasty
Medication, major surgery

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Treatments for heart disease
Low-dose ?
Prescription drugs
Coronary ?

Aspirin therapy

bypass surgery

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In a ?, if cerebrovascular accident (CVA), blood supply to the brain is cut off, and brain tissue subsequently dies
Impeded blood supply to the brain caused by a clot obstructing a blood vessel
Thrombotic stroke caused by a ?
Embolic stroke caused by an ?

Stroke
Ischemic stroke
Thrombus
Embolus

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blood vessel ruptures in the brain
? stroke within the brain
? stroke on the brain’s surface
a sac or outpouching formed by a distension or dilation of the artery wall

Hemorrhagic stroke
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Aneurysm

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Effects of a stroke

Interruption of the ? to any area of the brain ? the nerve cells from functioning, in some cases causing death

blood supply, prevents

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Effects of surviving stroke have a lasting disability
Paralysis
Walking ?
Speech Impairment
? loss
Changes in ?

disability
memory
behavior

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Recognizing a stroke:
•Ask the person to ?; ?is a sign of a possible stroke
•Ask the person to hold his/her ? out; if only ? or only one can be held still, there is a stroke possibility
•? may be a sign that a stroke has occurred
•?, numbness, or tingling in limbs can indicate stroke
•FAST: facial ?, ? weakness, ? difficulty, and ? 9-1-1

smile, unevenness
limbs, one can be moved
trouble speaking
decreased sensation
drooping, arm, speech, time to call

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Detecting strokes: mini-stroke with temporary stroke-like symptoms MRIs, and ultrasound are used for diagnosis

``` Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Computed tomography (CT) ```

Treatment for Strokes: Various ? Rehabilitation:

drug therapies | physical therapy, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy

refers to atherosclerosis in the arteries of the limbs, which can limit or block blood flow

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

aching or fatigue in limb | occurs even when not physically active

Claudication | Rest pain

results from damage to the heart's pumping mechanism cannot maintain regular pumping; fluid backs up fluid accumulates in the lungs

Congestive heart failure | Pulmonary edema

Controlled by: Reducing ? on the heart Modifying salt ? ? excess fluid

workload intake Eliminating

malformations of the heart of major blood vessels | may be identified by a murmur

Congenital heart defects | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Streptococcal infection leading to ?, which causes damage to the heart ? and ?

rheumatic fever | muscle, valves

Heart valve disorders: Abnormalities in valves between ? MVP

chambers of the heart | mitral valve prolapse

``` Risk factors that can be changed: ? use High blood ? (silent killer) High ? Physical inactivity Obesity Diabetes ```

tobacco pressure cholesterol

``` Risk factors that can't be changed: Genetics ? Gender Race and ? ```

Age | Ethnicity

Also known as hypertension Too much pressure against? Normal blood pressure? Primary (essential) hypertension:?

High blood pressure Arterial walls below 120 systolic/80 diastolic underlying cause unknown (probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors

caused by an identifiable underlying illness

Secondary hypertension

Low blood pressure, or ?, is generally desirable; but it can get too low not a risk factor for CVD

Hypotension

Under newly updated blood pressure guidelines, ?% of adults have hypertension, highest in ?

46% | African-Americans

Treatments of hypertension

lifestyle changes DASH diet Sodium restriction

Excessive cholesterol ? the ateries | cholesterol is carried in the blood in protein-and-lipid packages

clogs | Lipoproteins

bad cholesterol shuttle cholesterol from ? to organs and tissues can accumulate on artery walls and be oxidized by ?

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) liver free radicals

good cholesterol shuttle unused cholesterol back to liver for ? By removing cholesterol from blood vessels, help protect against ?

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) recycling atherosclerosis

Guidelines for treatment of blood cholesterol are based on an individual’s risk of developing CVD in the next ? years •Offers ? modifications •Suggests ? therapy at different intensity doses

10 lifestyle statin

People may cut their heart attack risk by about ? for every ? they reduce their total blood cholesterol levels

2% | 1%

An estimated ? to ? million Americans are so sedentary that they are at high risk for developing ?

40 60 CVD

Is an abnormal and uncontrollable multiplication of cells or tissue that can lead to death if untreated

Cancer

A mass of tissue that serves no purpose

Tumor

A mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration into other tissues

Benign tumor

Can invade surrounding tissues

Malignant tumor

Cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to ? and ? when it should not

grow and divide

May be diagnosed by an X-ray or ? - the removal of tissue for microscopic examination

biopsy

The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another Cancer cells move away from the ? tumor

Metastasis | Primary

Traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells Cells break away from the primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and ? New tumors are called ? tumors or metastases

Metastasizing | Lymphatic system

Significant number of cancer cases go into ?, a period in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease In some cases lasts for ? Typically results from ?

Remission Years Treatment

More than ? million Americans are diagnosed yearly | American Cancer Society estimates that the ? for all cancers diagnosed between 2007 and 2013 is ?

1.6 | Five year survival rate, 69%

Certain genes may ? some people to cancer Specific genetic mutations have been associated with ? Mutations may be ? or caused by environmental agents

predispose cancer inherited

Most prominent example of an inherited genetic mutation associated with the ? gene Women who inherited an altered copy face a significantly increased risk of ? and ? cancer

BRCA | breast, ovarian

Smoking is responsible for about ? of all cancer deaths In men, ? of lung cancer deaths In women, ?

1/3 83% 76%

? use is a direct cause of several times of cancer Types of cancer Cancers of the larynx, mouth, pharynx, ?, ?, pancreas, kidneys, ?, and ?

Tobacco Lung and bronchial Esophagus, stomach, bladder, cervix

``` Exercise reduces risk by: Helping to decrease ? and resting ? •Increasing ? •Maintaining desirable ? •Improving the ? of blood vessels •Preventing or controlling ? ```

``` blood pressure, heart rate HDLs weight condition diabetes ```

* Risk of death from CVD is two to three times more likely at a body mass index (BMI)≥ 30 * Strongly associated with: * ? * Physical inactivity * Increasing age

Obesity | Hypertension

With excess weight, there is more blood to pump and the heart has to work harder, a situation that can lead to ventricular ?

hypertrophy

``` Diabetes Doubles the risk of CVD for ? and ? the risk for women Hypertension •Obesity •Unhealthy ? levels ```

men, triples | blood lipid

Elevated blood ? and ? can damage the endothelial cells lining the arteries •More vulnerable to ? People with ? are also at increased risk

blood, insulin atherosclerosis prediabetes

High ? levels are a reliable predictor of heart disease Individuals with insulin ? tend to have several other related risk factors •Cluster of abnormalities known as ? syndrome, significantly increase risk of CVD CVD ? plays a key role in the development of CVD

triglyceride resistance metabolic inflammation

``` Psychological and social factors: •Stress •Chronic ? and anger •Suppressing ? distress •Depression •Anxiety •Social ? •Low ? Alcohol and drugs can cause serious ? problems ```

``` hostility psychological isolation socioeconomic status cardiac ```

- ?: CVD has a genetic component associated with high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity - Age: about ?% of heart attack victims are 65 and older - Gender: ? have higher risk earlier in life - Race and ethnicity: ? Americans have a higher risk of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke

genetics 70% men African

?, an amino acid circulating in the blood at elevated levels - Infectious agents - Levels of ?(a), or Lp(a) - LDL particle size - Blood levels of ? - Blood levels of ? acid

Homocysteine lipoprotein iron uric

``` Eat heart-healthy •Decrease ? and trans fat intake •Eat a high-fiber diet •Reduce ? intake and increase ? intake •Avoid excessive alcohol consumption •Eat foods rich in ? fatty acids ```

saturated sodium, potassium omega-3

``` Additional dietary options: •Plant ? and sterols •? acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 •Calcium •Vitamin ? •? protein •Healthy carbohydrates •Reduced daily caloric intake DASH: ? ```

``` stanols folic D soy Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ```

Foods contain both potentially ? compounds and potentially ? ones Limit dietary ? and meat •May contribute to certain cancers, including ?, stomach, and prostate •Alcohol and tobacco interact as risk factors for ? cancer -Avoid foods cooked at ? temperatures

``` dangerous, protective fat colon oral high ```

Some essential nutrients help reduce the effects of carcinogens by acting as antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the ? ? which are substances in plants that help protect against chronic diseases

carotenoids | phytochemicals

Some environmental carcinogens are natural, like ? rays; | Microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, account for ? to ?% of the world’s cancers

UV | 15 to 20%

Types of human papillomavirus: ? cancer, cervical cancer, and other cancers •?—stomach cancer •Hepatitis B and C—as many as 80% of all ? cancers

oropharyngeal Helicobacter pylori liver

``` Ingested chemicals •Nitrosamines: ? and ? combined with dietary substances; highly potent carcinogens Environmental and industrial ? •Occupational exposure Radiation •Medical scans •? ```

nitrates, nitrites pollution sunlight

``` Detecting cancer •Self-monitoring and ?cancer checkups *Diagnosing cancer •? •Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); computed ?(CT); ultrasonography *Treating cancer •Surgery •?: use of medications to kill cancer cells *Radiation ```

Routine Biopsy, tomography Chemotherapy

?—the most common—arise from the epithelial tissue that covers body surfaces (linings, tubes, cavities, and secretion glands) •? arise in connective and fibrous tissues (bone, muscle, cartilage and membranes covering muscle or fat) •?: cancers of the lymph nodes •?: cancers of the blood-forming cells, chiefly in bone marrow

Carcinomas Sarcomas Lymphomas Leukemias

?: a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer | •?: a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders, including cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma

Oncologist | Hematologist

Most common cause of cancer death About ? deaths per year in U.S. Risk factors: smoking contributes to ? of lung cancer deaths Five year survival rate for all stages is only ?

Lung cancer 160,000 90% 17%

Colon and rectal cancer Vast majority of cases diagnosed after ? years of age Small growths on the wall of the colon Five year survival rate with early detection is ?

45 Polyps 90%

``` Most common cancer in women Early detection is key Mammogram, followed up by a ? if necessary Treatment and prevention: Surgery, from ? to masctomy Monoclonal ? Selective estrogen receptor ? (SERMS) Five year survival rates: ? if detected before it has spread;? for all stages ```

``` Breast cancer Ultrasonography Lumpectomy Antibodies Modulators 99%, 89% ```

``` Most common cancer in Men Early detection is key PSA test Digital ? examination Treatment Varies based on stage and ? of patient Five year survival rate is now nearly ? ```

``` Prostate cancer Prostate-specific antigen rectal Age 100% ```

Chapter 13 Flashcards

(83 cards)