Chapter 13 cont'd and 14 Flashcards
(38 cards)
Cancers of the female reproductive tract Largely a std Like the HPV virus Screening: ? test Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
Cervical cancer
Pap test
Uterine, or endometrial, cancer Most often occurs after ? Treatment is surgery ? removal of the uterus With early detection, ? survival rate after 5 years ? if cancer has spread beyond the uterus
55
Hysterectomy
95%
67%
Ovarian cancer
•Difficult to detect and diagnose; no warning signs
•Risk factors: age, never having been ?, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, obesity, genetics, and a high number of ?
•Treatment is ? removal of the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and the uterus
•Radiation and chemotherapy are sometimes used
•Survival rate after 5 years is over 90% for a localized tumor but is only ?% for all stages
- pregnant, ovulations
- surgical
- 47%
?- Most common type of cancer, but many types are easily curable Risk factors: •Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation •Sunburns and suntans, especially in childhood •Fair skin •? ozone •Moles •Spending time at high ? •Family history
- Skin cancer
- Depleted
- altitudes
-Types of skin cancer
-most dangerous form
Prevention:
•Avoid long-term ? to sunlight
•Protection from sun: ? and clothing
Detection and treatment:
•Signs in skin ?: ABCDE
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
- overexposure
- sunscreen
- lesions
-rare, most common cancer in U.S. men aged 20 to 35
-Risk factors: European Americans; fathers who had ?; undescended ?
-treatment: ? is removed and, if the ? has spread, chemotherapy is used
5 year survival rate is ?
- Testicular cancer
- testicular cancer, testicles
- testicle, tumor
- 96%
-is the body’s collective set of defenses against infection
-protects us not just from ? (disease-causing organisms) but also from cancer
-? and ? barriers are the first line of defense
•Skin
•? membranes
•? tract, lined with both mucous membranes and cilia
- immune system
- pathogens
- physical, chemical
- mucous
- respiratory
Beyond surface barriers, the immune system operates through a network of billions of ? blood cells •Actually two interacting systems: the ? immune system (first to respond) and the ? immune system Cells of the innate immune system •? •Eosinophils •Macrophages •Natural killer cells •? cells
- white
- innate, adaptive
- neutrophils, dendritic
Immune response
Phase 1, ?:dendritic cells are drawn to the site
•Phase 2, ?: helper T cells multiply
•Production of killer ? and ? cells
•?: special growth stimulants
•Phase 3, ?: •Activated T and B cells transform into memory and effector cells
•Effector cells mediate elimination of the ?
•Memory B cells or ?-producing plasma cells mark extracellular pathogens for destruction
•Phase 4, ?: restores “resting” levels of B and T cells
-some memory T and B cells remain
- recognition
- proliferation
- T and B
- cytokines
- elimination
- pathogen, antibody
- slowdown
- Usually, after an infection, a person has ? to the same pathogen
- Memory T and B cells continue to circulate in the blood and ? system
- ?immunity to infection acquired by the activation of ?-specific lymphocytes in response to infection or immunization
- immunity
- lymphatic
- adaptive immunity, antigen
-?-Vessels that carry lymph; and certain organs and structures
•?, lymph nodes
•Vessels pick up ? fluid from body tissues and clear it of debris and pathogens
•As the immune response progresses, a lymph node actively involved in ? infection may fill with cells and swell—thus physicians use the location of swollen lymph nodes as a clue to an infections location
- lymphatic system
- spleen
- excess
- fighting
-?-such as by administering a vaccine, primes the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen
-Immunization
? -result from a ? and overactive immune system •Reaction to a harmless substance as if it were a harmful pathogen •? elicit an exaggerated immune response •Pollen •Animal ? •Dust mites and cockroaches •? and mildew •Foods •Insect stings
- Allergies, hypersensitive
- Allergens
- dander, molds
?-Part of the body’s response is to release large amounts of ?, a chemical involved in some cases of inflammation as well as allergy
•In some people, an allergen can trigger an ? attack
•Causes ?, shortness of breath, and coughing
•Most serious kind of allergic reaction is ?, characterized by difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, seizure, and sometimes death
•Treatment requires immediate injection of ?
- Allergic response
- histamine
- asthma, wheezing
- anaphylaxis
- epinephrine
First phase of infection: the ? period
•May not have symptoms; may be contagious
Second and third phases: may “feel a cold coming on” symptoms first appear during the ? period
Many symptoms are due to the immune response
You may be contagious before you have symptom
incubation
prodromal
The Chain Infection
Links in the chain:
(1) ?:disease causing carcinogen
(2) ?: natural environment of the pathogen - person, animal, or environmental component
(3) ?: discharge
(4) ?: direct and indirect
?: carrier of the pathogen from one host to another
(5) ?:skin penetration; inhalation; ingestion
Pathogens that enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system cause a ?
(6) New ?
Pathogen Reservoir Portal of exit Means of transmission Vector Portal of entry Systemic infection host
?: microscopic single-celled organisms
•?: an inflammation of the lungs
•?: inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain and spinal cord
•?: strep throat and other streptococcal infections
•?: toxic shock syndrome and other staphylococcal infections
•? which usually affects the lungs
•Tick-borne infections
•Other bacterial infections, including ulcers, tetanus, C. diff, pertussis, urinary tract infections, and travelers’ diarrhea (TD
Bacteria Pneumonia Meningitis Streptococcus Staphylococcus Tuberculosis
Antibiotic treatments •?: drugs that either inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill them •? has resulted from overuse and misuse •Proper usage: •Don’t take an antibiotic every time you are ? •Use antibiotics as directed •Never take an antibiotic without a ? •Avoid “antibacterial” soap products
Antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance
sick
prescription
?: a microscopic organism that replicates inside the cells of another organism; cause of most contagious diseases
•Common cold; ?; measles, mumps, and rubella
•Chickenpox, cold sores, other ? infections, including the varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
•Viral ?: HAV, HBV, HCV
•Human papillomavirus (HPV
Virus
influenza
herpesvirus
hepatitis
?: an organism that is reproduced by spores
•Yeast infections, athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm
?: microscopic single-celled organisms
•? and giardiasis
? :largest organisms that can enter the body to cause infection
•Tapeworm, hookworm, pinworm
Fungus
Protozoa, malaria
Parasitic worms
? diseases
•Immune system targets or destroys specific tissues
? system and cancer
•Some types of cancer suppress immune responses
•Immunotherapy
Autoimmune
Immune
? - are spread from person to person mainly through sexual activity •Also still called ? Seven pose major health threats: •HIV/AIDS •? •Gonorrhea •Human papillomavirus (HPV) •Herpes •Hepatitis •?
STIs
STDs
Chlamydia
Syphilis
?- causes ?
-primary cause of death in Africa
In the U.S. today, about ? people are living with HIV; ?% of these people are not aware of their HIV status
HIV, AIDS
1 million
15%
? -is a chronic viral infection that progressively damages the body’s immune system
•HIV attacks and invades ?, macrophages, and other essential elements of the immune system
•It enters a human cell and converts its own genetic material, RNA, into DNA
•Viral DNA produces new copies of HIV and ? immune function
•Signaled by the loss of CD4 T cells
HIV infection
CD4 T-cells
reduce
