Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HAN 200 > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

(47 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

All neural structures outside the brain

  • sensory receptors
  • peripheral nerves and associated ganglia
  • motor nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sensory receptors

A
  • specialized to respond to changes in their environment (stimuli)
  • activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses
  • sensation (awareness of stimulus) and perception (interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus) occur in the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

classification of receptors

A

Based on:
A) stimulus type (name indicates the type of stimulus: thermoreceptors)

B) Location (respond to either internal or external stimuli)

C)Structural complexity

  • general senses-simple
  • special senses- complex (vision, hearing, taste, smell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to changes in temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light energy (e.g., retina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nociceptors

A

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

classification of receptors by location

A
  1. exteroceptors
  2. interoceptors-viscero
  3. proprioceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

from sensation to perception

A

-survival depends upon sensation and perception

  • sensation: the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment
  • input comes from sensory receptors
  • perception: the conscious interpretation of that stimuli
  • this occurs in the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sensory integration

A
  1. receptor level- the sensor receptors. sensory reception and transmission to the CNS
  2. circuit level- ascending pathways (spinal cord and brain stem)
  3. perceptual level- neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex. processing in cortical sensory centers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

adaptation of sensory receptors

A

Adaptation: a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus (bright light)

Phasic (fast-adapting) receptors signal the beginning or end of a stimulus, signals a change
Examples: receptors for pressure, touch, and smell (clothing)

Tonic receptors adapt slowly or not at all
Examples: nociceptors and most proprioceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

structure of a nerve

A
  • cordlike organ of the PNS

- Bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

endoneurium

A

loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

perineurium

A

coarse CT that bundles fibers into fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

epineurium

A

tough fibrous sheath around a nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

classification of nerve

A

most nerves are mixtures of afferent and efferent fibers:

  • somatic afferent and somatic efferent
  • visceral afferent and visceral efferent

->peripheral nerves are classified as cranial or spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ganglia-collections of cell bodies in PNS

A
  • dorsal root ganglia (sensory, somatic)

- autonomic ganglia (motor, visceral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers

Study These Flashcards
A
  • mature neurons are amitotic
  • if the soma(cell body) of a damaged nerve is intact, axon will regenerate
  • CNS oligodendrocytes bear growth-inhibiting proteins that prevent CNS fiber regeneration
20
Q

what statement is correct about language and the brain

Study These Flashcards
A

broca’s area is related to language expression and is located in the left inferior frontal gyrus

21
Q

cranial nerves

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 12 pairs of peripheral nerves associated with the brain

- most are mixed in function; 2 pairs are purely sensory (I and II)

22
Q

cranial nerve I and II

Study These Flashcards
A
  • CN I olfactory nerve: smell (just sensory)

- CN II optic nerve: vision (just sensory)

23
Q

eye movements (CN 3,4,6)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • just motor
  • cranial nerve III: oculomotor nerve
  • cranial nerve IV: trochlear nerve
  • cranial nerve VI- abducens nerve (abducts eye)
24
Q

cranial nerve 5, 7, and 8

Study These Flashcards
A

Cranial nerve V (5) - trigeminal nerve

  • > sensation of face
  • > motor of mastication

cranial nerve VII- facial nerve:

  • > motor of face- facial expression
  • > sensory taste

cranial nerve VIII- vestibulocohlear nerve
->hearing and balance

25
cranial nerve 9 and 10
cranial nerve IX (9)- glossopharyngeal nerve -> "tongue and throat"- taste and swallowing cranial nerve X- vagus nerve - > "the wanderer" - >only cranial nerve that leaves the head and neck - >involved in parasympathetic nervous system - >help regulate the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
26
cranial nerve 11 and 12
just motor - cranial nerve XI-accessory nerve - >moves head and neck (trapezius and SCM muscle) - cranial nerve XII- hypoglossal nerve - > "under tongue"-moves tongue
27
spinal nerves
-31 pairs of mixed nerves named according to their point of issue from the spinal cord - >8 cervical (C1-C8) - >12 thoracic (T1-T12) - > 5 lumbar (L1-L5) - > 5 sacral (S1-S5) - >1 coccygeal (C0)
28
spinal nerves: roots
-each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via 2 roots ventral roots: - > contain motor (efferent) fibers from the ventral horn motor neurons - >fibers innervate skeletal muscles
29
spinal nerve: roots
Dorsal roots: - contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia - conduct impulses from peripheral receptors -dorsal and ventral roots unite to form spinal nerves
30
spinal nerves: rami
-each spinal nerve branches into mixed rami - >dorsal ramus - >larger ventral ramus - >rami communicantes (autonomic pathways) join to the ventral rami in the thoracic region * roots- lie medial to spinal nerve-either motor or sensory * rami- lie lateral to spinal nerve- mixed
31
spinal nerves: rami
- all ventral rami except T2-T12 form nerve networks called PLEXUSES (cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral) - the back is innervated by dorsal rami via several branches
32
cervical plexus
- formed by ventral rami of C1-C5 | - innervates skin and muscles of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders
33
phrenic nerve
- major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm (receives fibers from C3-C5) - irritation of phrenic nerve causes hiccups
34
brachial plexus
- formed by ventral rami of C5-C8 - gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb - major nerves from the branches: axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial
35
brachial plexus injury
-Erb's palsy: stretching of upper trunk of brachial plexus Klumpke's paralysis: injury to lower roots of plexus (claw hand)
36
lumbar plexus
- arises from L1-L4 - innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle - femoral nerve - obturator nerve
37
femoral nerve
innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg
38
obturator nerve
innervate adductor muscles (groin muscles)
39
sacral plexus
- arises from L4-S4 - serves the butt, lower limg, pelvic structures, and perineum sciatic nerve
40
sciatic nerve
(part of sacral plexus) - longest and thickest nerve of body - innervates the hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot - composed of 2 nerves: tibial and common fibular
41
reflexes
- inborn (intrinsic) reflex: a rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus ex: splashing hot water from pot on your arm - learned (acquired) reflexes: result from practice or repetition ex: driving skills pathway: 1. receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration center 4. motor neuron 5. effector
42
reflex arc
components of a reflex arc (neural path): 1. RECEPTOR: site of stimulus action 2. SENSORY NEURON: transmits afferent impulses to the CNS 3. INTEGRATION CENTER: either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS 4. MOTOR NEURON: conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ 5. EFFECTOR: muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
43
spinal reflexes
- Spinal somatic reflexes - > integration center is in the spinal cord - >effectors are skeletal muscle include: stretch, flexor, and crossed-extensor
44
stretch reflexes
How a stretch reflex works: -> stretch activates the muscle spindle (receptor) - >sensory neurons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord - >alpha motor neurons cause the stretched muscle to contract - all stretch reflexes are monosynaptic and ipsilateral- ( the reflex occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus.) ex: the patellar (knee jerk) reflex
45
flexor and crossed-extensor reflexes
Flexor (withdrawal) reflex: - > initiated by a painful stimulus - >causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part - > ipsilateral and polysynaptic however, descending signals from brain can override flexor reflexes (ie. pin prick)
46
flexor and crossed-extensor reflexes
Crossed extensor reflex: -> occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance - >consists of an ipsilateral flexor reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex * the stimulated side is withdrawn (flexed) * the contralateral side is extended
47
superficial reflexes (cutaneous)
``` Plantar reflex (babinski reflex) ->stimulus: stroking lateral aspect of the sole of the foot ``` *normal response: downward flexion of the toes tests for function of corticospinal tracts

HAN 200 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions