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HAN 200 > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- PROTECTION

A

-3 types of barriers
Chemical:
*Low pH secretions (acid mantle) and defensins retard bacterial activity

Physical/mechanical barriers:

  • Keratin and glycolipids block most water and water- soluble substances
  • Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble substances, plant resins (e.g., poison ivy), organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, some drugs

Biological barriers
*Dendritic cells, macrophages

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2
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

A

~500 ml/day of routine perspiration (at normal body temperature)

At elevated temperature, dilation of dermal vessels and increased sweat gland activity cool the body

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3
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- CUTANEOUS SENSATIONS

A

-Temp, touch (merkel, meissner cells), and pain (free nerve endings)

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4
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- METABOLIC FUNCTIONS

A

-Synthesis of vitamin D precursor and collagenase (increases collagen and reduces wrinkles)

Chemical conversion of carcinogens and some hormones

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5
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- BLOOD RESERVOIR

A

Up to 5% of body’s blood volume

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6
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System- EXCRETION

A

Nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat

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7
Q

Consists of 3 major regions

A
  1. Epidermis: superficial region
  2. Dermis: middle region
  3. Hypodermis: deepst region
    * Subcutaneous layer deep to skin-mostly adipose tissue
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8
Q

The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium

A

true

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9
Q

Dermis

A

*Papillary layer of areolar tissue

then
*Reticular layer of dense irregular connective tissue

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10
Q

Hypodermis

A

(subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) seperates the integument from the fascia around deeper organs. This tissue layer is not a part of the integument

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11
Q

The network of arteries and veins connected to smaller vessels servicing the tissues of the integumentary system is the cutaneous plexus

A

true

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12
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Avascular

Cells of epidermis:
*Keratinocytes—produce fibrous protein keratin

*Melanocytes
10–25% of cells in lower
epidermis

Produce pigment melanin
  • Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells—macrophages that help activate immune system
  • Tactile (Merkel) cells-touch receptors

NOTE: melanin protects nucleus of the cells from UV rays

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13
Q

Layers of the epidermis:

1. Stratum Basale (Basal layer)

A
  • Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
  • Single row of stem cells; source of new cells
  • Also called stratum germinativum: cells undergo rapid division
  • Journey from the basal layer to surface
    • Takes 25–45 days
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14
Q

Layers of the epidermis: 2. Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)

A

Cells are covered with thorn-like spines: provides strength and flexibility

abundant melanin granules and dendritic cells

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15
Q

Layers of the epidermis: Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

A
  • Thin, “grainy layer”
  • 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocyte
  • intermediate filaments located here
  • Lamellated granules: secretion which acts as water repellant sealant
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16
Q

Layers of the epidermis: 3. Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)

A
  • In thick skin – palms & soles of feet
  • Thin, transparent
  • Almost no organelles
  • A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
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17
Q

Layers of the epidermis: 4. Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)

A
  • 20–30 rows of dead, flat, keratinized membranous sacs
  • Three-quarters of the epidermal thickness
  • Cells are continuously shed

Functions:

  • Protects from abrasion and penetration
  • Waterproofs
  • Barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults
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18
Q

Clinical correlation: Psoriasis

A
  • Abnormal Keratin

- Cells divide at a faster rate, faster than you can shed them

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19
Q

Dermis

A
  • Strong, flexible connective tissue
  • Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
  • Two layers:
  • Papillary (loose areolar CT)
  • Reticular (dense irregular CT)
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20
Q

Layers of the Dermis: Papillary layer

A
  • Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
  • Dermal Papillary: form friction ridges
  • Dermal papillae contain:
    • capillary loops
    • Meissner’s corpuscles- tactile receptors (response to light touch)
    • Free nerve endings-pain receptors

This layer of the skin is responsible for our fingerprints

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21
Q

Layers of the Dermis: Reticular Layer

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A

~80% of the thickness of dermis

  • Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
  • Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
  • Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
  • Deep sensory receptors
    • Pacinian corpuscle – deep pressure
22
Q

Overview of sensory receptors

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A

Levels starting from outer surface of skin:

  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis
  • Pacinian corpuscle: senses pressure
  • Nociceptor: senses pain
  • Meissner’s corpuscle: senses touch
  • thermo-receptor: senses heat or cold
23
Q

Skin markings: friction ridges

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A

Epidermal ridges lie atop deeper dermal papillary ridges to form friction ridges of fingerprints

24
Q

Skin markings: Cleavage lines

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A
  • Collagen fibers arranged in bundles form cleavage (tension) lines
  • Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily
25
Skin color: Melanin
- Yellow to reddish-brown to black, repsonsible for dark skin colors * produced in melanocytes migrates to keratinocytes where it forms "pigment shields" for nuclei - Freckles and pigmented moles * local accumulations of melanin
26
Skin color: Carotene
-Yellow to orange, most obvious in the palms and soles
27
Hemoglobin
Responsible for the pinkish hue of skin
28
Excessive exposure to sunlight
- eventually damages skin - elastic fibers clump=leathery skin - alters DNA of skin cells and can lead to skin cancer ***Melanoma: worst that skin cancer
29
Which layer of the skin has no blood vessels (avascular)?
epidermis
30
Derivatives of the epidermis
- Sweat glands (merocrine and apocrine) - Oil glands (sebaceous glands) - Hairs and hair follicles - Nails
31
Sweat glands (sudoriferous): Eccrine
2 main types of sweat glands 1. Eccrine (merocrine)- —abundant on palms, soles, and forehead * Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes * Ducts connect to pores * Function in thermoregulation * Emotional sweating “cold sweat”
32
Sweat glands (sudoriferous): Apocrine
—confined to axillary and anogenital areas * Sebum: sweat + fatty substances and proteins * Ducts connect to hair follicles * Functional from puberty onward, body odor - Specialized apocrine glands: * Ceruminous glands—in the external ear canal; secrete cerumen *Mammary glands
33
Sebaceous (oil) glands
- Widely distributed - Most develop from hair follicles - Become active at puberty (hormones) - Sebum * Oily holocrine secretion * Bactericidal * Softens hair and skin If sebum blocks duct – white head acne
34
Hair
Functions: -Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin -Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight Distribution: -Entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia - Eye lashes shield eyes - Nose hairs filters large particles
35
Anatomy of hair
- Columns of dead, keratinized epidermal cells * Shaft: projects above surface of the skin * Root: penetrates into dermis or subcutaneous layer - Three concentric layers: * medulla: inner, lacking in thinner hair * cortex: middle, major part of shaft * cuticle: outermost, heavily keratinized
36
Hair follicle : Epithelial root sheath:
- external root sheath: continuation of epidermis | - internal root sheath: produced by matrix
37
Hair follicle: Dermal root sheath
-dense dermis surrounding hair follicle
38
Hair follicle: Bulb
base of hair follicle, houses papilla of hair - papilla: areolar connective tissue & blood supply
39
Hair follicle: Arrector pili
-smooth muscle, attaches to dermal root sheath
40
Types of Hair
* Vellus—pale, fine body hair of children and adult females | * Terminal—coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions (and face and neck of males - testosterone)
41
Hair growth
- Growth cycle: growth, regression & rest stages - Active stage: cells of hair matrix divide, existing cells pushed upward, hair grows. 2-5 years - Regression stage: cells of matrix stop dividing, follicle atrophies, hair stops growing. 2-3 weeks - Resting stage: final stage before old hair falls out and new hair begins to grow. 3 months
42
Structure of nail
-Made from hard keratin - Nail body: visible portion of nail * free edge: part extending past end of digit - Nail root: portion buried in a fold of skin * lunula: whitish, thickened crescent shaped area -Hyponychium: nail bed, secures nail to fingertip - Eponychium: cuticle, narrow band of epidermis adheres to nail wall * Corresponds to hooves/claws of animals
43
Skin cancer
-Most skin tumors are benign (do not metastasize) - Risk factors: * Overexposure to UV radiation * frequent irritation of the skin * 1 in 5 americans develop skin cancer
44
Skin cancer
Three major types: *Basal cell carcinoma : Least malignant, most common. Stratum Basale. *Squamous cell carcinoma: Second most common. Stratum Spinosum. *Melanoma Most dangerous. Melanocytes. Greatest risk factor for skin cancer is overexposure to the UV raditaion in sunlight which damages DNA bases
45
Melanoma
Characteristics (ABCD rule) A: Asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match B: Border exhibits indentations C: Color is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser
46
Burns
1st degree: epidermis - redness, swelling & pain - sunburn 2nd degree: upper dermis - blisters 3rd degree: full thickness - gray/white or blackened - nerve endings destroyed - graft may be necessary Immediate threat: *Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock *infection
47
Rule of nines
- Used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from burns | - 11 areas of body each account for 9% of body area
48
Partial thickness burns
``` First degree: *Epidermal damage only *Localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain ``` Second degree: * Epidermal and upper dermal damage * Blisters appear
49
Full-thickness burns
``` Third degree: -Entire thickness of skin damaged *Gray-white, cherry red, or black ``` *No initial edema or pain *Skin grafting usually necessary
50
Steps in tissue repair 1
1. Inflammation: * Release of inflammatory chemicals * Dilation of blood vessels * Increase in vessel permeability * Clotting occurs
51
Steps in tissue repair 2
Organization and restored blood supply: * The blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue, which restores the vascular supply * Epithelium begins to regenerate * Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap Debris is phagocytized
52
Steps in tissue repair 3
Regeneration and fibrosis: *The scab detaches * Fibrous tissue matures; epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue * Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue

HAN 200 (15 decks)

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