Chapter 13 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Transition
base substitution in which a purine replaces a purine or a pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine
Transversion
base substitution in which a purine replaces a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine replaces a purine
Expanding Nucleotide Repeats
repeated sequence of a set of nucleotides in which the number of copies of the sequence increases
Suppressor Mutation
suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation at a different site
Intragenic Suppressor Mutation
suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation within the same gene
Intergenic Suppressor Mutation
suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation within a different gene
Factors that Influence Mutation Rates
size of the gene, nucleotide sequence, spontaneous chemical changes, environment
Spontaneous Mutation
mutation that arises from natural changes in DNA structure or from errors in replication
Induced Mutation
mutation that results from environmental agents, such as chemicals or radiation
Depurination
loss of a purine only
Apurinic Site
leads to the incorporation of incorrect nucleotide, typically an adenine
Base Analog
chemicals with structures like the four bases of DNA
Deamination
the loss of an amino group from a base
Intercalating Agent
sandwich themselves between adjacent bases in DNA
Ionizing Radiation
dislodges electrons generating free radicals causing double stranded breaks in DNA which causes chromosomal mutations
Pyrimidine Dimer
two thymine bases that block replication
SOS System
system of proteins and enzymes that allows a cell to replicate its DNA in the presence of distortion in DNA structure
Ames Test
test in which special strains of bacteria are used to evaluate the potential of chemicals to cause cancer
Deamination
loss of an amino group from a base
Incorporated Error
incorporation of a damaged nucleotide or mismatched base pair into a DNA molecule
Replicated Error
an incorporate error that is replicated, leading to a permanent mutation
