Chapter 13 Flashcards
1
Q
Gyri
A
ridges
2
Q
Sulci
A
depressions between ridges
3
Q
Rostral
A
Anterior
4
Q
Caudal
A
Posterior
5
Q
Prosencephalon
A
Forebrain
6
Q
Mesencephalon
A
Midbrain
7
Q
Rhombencephalon
A
Hindbrain
8
Q
Telencephelon
A
becomes cerebrum
9
Q
Diencephalon
A
becomes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
10
Q
Mesencephalon
A
becomes midbrain
11
Q
Metencephalon
A
becomes pons and cerebellum
12
Q
Myelencephalon
A
becomes medulla oblongata
13
Q
Gray Matter
A
neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons (Cortex - superficial layer and Nucleus - clusters of cell bodies close to the surface and deep within the brain)
14
Q
White Matter
A
myelinated axons that are organized in bundles called tracts
15
Q
Cranial Meninges
A
Connective tissue; separate and support soft tissue of brain; enclose and protect blood vessels supplying the brain; help contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
16
Q
Pia Mater
A
innermost of the meninges; adheres to brain surface; thin layer of areolar connective tissue
17
Q
Arachnoid Mater
A
web of collagen and elastic fibers;
18
Q
Dura Mater
A
tough, outer membrane; made of dense irregular connective tissue in 2 layers; Meningeal layer (deeper) and Periosteal layer which forms the periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones; Epidural space is a potential space between the dura and the skull which contains arteries and veins
19
Q
Cranial Dural Septa
A
sheets of dura mater that extend into cranial cavity; form partitions between brain areas and provide support;
20
Q
Falx Cerebri
A
largest of dural septa; located on midline and projects into longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres (contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus)
21
Q
Tentorium Cerebelli
A
Separates occipital and temporal lobes from the cerebellum; contains transverse sinuses within its posterior border; contains straight sinus along midsagittal plane; has tentorial notch in anterior surface allowing room for brainstem
22
Q
Diaphragma Sellae
A
smallest of dural septa; forms roof over sella turcica of sphenoid bone; has small opening for stalk of pituitary gland
23
Q
Falx Cerebelli
A
runs vertically in midsagittal plane; separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres; contains occipital sinus in posterior border
24
Q
2 lateral ventricles
A
large cavities in the cerebrum; separated by medial partition (septum pellucidum)
25
Third Ventricle
narrow space in middle of diencephalon; connected to each lateral ventricle by an inter ventricular foramen
26
Fourth Ventricle
Between pons and cerebellum; connected to third ventricle by cerebral aqueduct; opens to subarachnoid space medially and laterally; narrow before merging with central canal of spinal cord
27
Functions of CSF
Buoyancy (reduces weight by 95%); Protection; environmental stability (transport of nutrients/wastes and protects against fluctuations)
28
CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid; circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space; formed by choroid plexus; originates from blood plasma
29
Blood-Brain Barrier
Regulates which substances enter the brain's interstitial fluid; helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances; composed of specialized capillaries (endothelial cells with a thick basement membrane); wrapped by perivascular feet
30
Cerebral Hemispheres
Longitudinal Fissure divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres; White matter tracts connect hemispheres
31
Hemisphere Lateralization
connections with the body are generally crossed; left hemisphere receives signals from the right side of body; Higher-order functions are primarily controlled by one side of the brain
32
Lobes of the Cerebrum
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insular
33
Frontal Lobe
Central Sulcus: posterior border; Lateral Sulcus: separates inferior frontal lobe from temporal lobe; Precentral gyrus; the lateral surface of each frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement;
34
Frontal Lobe Functions
Motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, personality
35
Parietal Lobe
Postcentral gyrus: ridge just posterior to central sulcus (anterior border); Parieto-Occipital Sulcus: posterior border
36
Parietal Lobe Functions
evaluating shape and texture of objects
37
Temporal Lobe
inferior to lateral sulcus; functions include hearing and smell
38
Occipital Lobe
functions in vision and visual memories
39
Insula
small lobe that can be observed by pulling away temporal lobe; functions in memory and sense of taste
40
Primary Motor Cortex
Frontal Lobe; controls skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body
41
Motor Speech Area
Broca's area; located in inferolateral portion of left frontal lobe; controls movements for vocalization
42
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes; receives somatic sensory information;
43
Somatosensory Association Area
immediately posterior to postcentral gyrus; integrates touch information allowing us to identify objects by feel
44
Primary Visual cortex
occipital lobe; association area surrounds and integrates color, form, and memory to allow us to identify things we see
45
Primary Auditory Cortex
temporal lobe; association area interprets sounds; stores and retrieves memories of sounds
46
Primary Olfactory Cortex
temporal lobe; provides conscious awareness of smells
47
Primary Gustatory Cortex
Insula; involved in processing taste information
48
Wernicke Area
left hemisphere; involved in language comprehension
49
Gnostic Area
regions of parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; integrates somatosensory, visual, and auditory information of association areas; provides comprehensive understanding of current activity
50
Central White Matter
myelinated axons grouped into tracts; association tracts connect regions of the cerebral cortex within same hemisphere
51
Cerebral Nuclei
Gray matter deep in cerebrum that helps regulate motor output; amygaloid body: expanded region at tail of caudate nucleus (functions in mood and emotion)
52
Diencephalon
Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
53
Epithalamus
covers the third ventricle; pineal gland: endocrine gland secreting melatonin, helps regulate day-night cycles (circadian rhythm); Habenular nuclei: help relay signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors
54
Thalamus
masses of gray matter on lateral sides of third ventricle; receives signals from all conscious senses except olfaction; relays some signals to appropriate part of cortex and filter out distractions
55
Hypothalamus
Anteroinferior region; infundibulum: stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus
56
Hypothalamus Functions
Control of: ANS, endocrine system, temperature, emotional behavior, food and water intake, and circadian rhythm
57
Brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata;
58
Mesencephalon/Midbrain
motor control
59
Pons
breathing
60
Medulla Oblongata
connection between brain and spinal cord and autonomic function
61
Cerebellum
2nd largest brain area; Folia: folds; Vermis: narrow band of cortex between left and right lobes, receives sensory signals regarding torso and balance; Arbor Vitae: internal region of white matter
62
Cerebellum Functions
Checks muscle activity, stores muscle memory, ensures smoothness, maintains equilibrium and posture;
63
Limbic System
the emotional brain;
64
Cingulate Gyrus
above corpus callosum
65
Parahippocampul gyrus
cortical tissue in temporal lobe
66
Hippocampus
helps form long-term memories
67
Amygdaloid Body
involved in many aspects of emotion and emotional memory especially fear
68
Olfactory bulbs, tracts, and cortex
process odors that can provoke emotions
69
Fornix
white tract connecting hippocampus with other limbic structures
70
Reticular Formation
loosely organized gray matter of brainstem; motor component: regulates muscle tone via spinal cord connections, assists in autonomic functions through brainstem connections; Sensory Component: reticular activating system, processes sensory information and brings alertness
71
Corpus Callosum
Tract providing connection between brain hemispheres
72
ridges
Gyri
73
depressions between ridges
Sulci
74
Anterior
Rostral
75
Posterior
Caudal
76
Forebrain
Prosencephalon
77
Midbrain
Mesencephalon
78
Hindbrain
Rhombencephalon
79
becomes cerebrum
Telencephelon
80
becomes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Diencephalon
81
becomes midbrain
Mesencephalon
82
becomes pons and cerebellum
Metencephalon
83
becomes medulla oblongata
Myelencephalon
84
neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons (Cortex - superficial layer and Nucleus - clusters of cell bodies close to the surface and deep within the brain)
Gray Matter
85
myelinated axons that are organized in bundles called tracts
White Matter
86
Connective tissue; separate and support soft tissue of brain; enclose and protect blood vessels supplying the brain; help contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
Cranial Meninges
87
innermost of the meninges; adheres to brain surface; thin layer of areolar connective tissue
Pia Mater
88
web of collagen and elastic fibers;
Arachnoid Mater
89
tough, outer membrane; made of dense irregular connective tissue in 2 layers; Meningeal layer (deeper) and Periosteal layer which forms the periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones; Epidural space is a potential space between the dura and the skull which contains arteries and veins
Dura Mater
90
sheets of dura mater that extend into cranial cavity; form partitions between brain areas and provide support;
Cranial Dural Septa
91
largest of dural septa; located on midline and projects into longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres (contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus)
Falx Cerebri
92
Separates occipital and temporal lobes from the cerebellum; contains transverse sinuses within its posterior border; contains straight sinus along midsagittal plane; has tentorial notch in anterior surface allowing room for brainstem
Tentorium Cerebelli
93
smallest of dural septa; forms roof over sella turcica of sphenoid bone; has small opening for stalk of pituitary gland
Diaphragma Sellae
94
runs vertically in midsagittal plane; separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres; contains occipital sinus in posterior border
Falx Cerebelli
95
large cavities in the cerebrum; separated by medial partition (septum pellucidum)
2 lateral ventricles
96
narrow space in middle of diencephalon; connected to each lateral ventricle by an inter ventricular foramen
Third Ventricle
97
Between pons and cerebellum; connected to third ventricle by cerebral aqueduct; opens to subarachnoid space medially and laterally; narrow before merging with central canal of spinal cord
Fourth Ventricle
98
Buoyancy (reduces weight by 95%); Protection; environmental stability (transport of nutrients/wastes and protects against fluctuations)
Functions of CSF
99
circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space; formed by choroid plexus; originates from blood plasma
Cerebrospinal Fluid
100
Regulates which substances enter the brain's interstitial fluid; helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances; composed of specialized capillaries (endothelial cells with a thick basement membrane); wrapped by perivascular feet
Blood-Brain Barrier
101
Longitudinal Fissure divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres; White matter tracts connect hemispheres
Cerebral Hemispheres
102
connections with the body are generally crossed; left hemisphere receives signals from the right side of body; Higher-order functions are primarily controlled by one side of the brain
Hemisphere Lateralization
103
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insular
Lobes of the Cerebrum
104
Central Sulcus: posterior border; Lateral Sulcus: separates inferior frontal lobe from temporal lobe; Precentral gyrus; the lateral surface of each frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement;
Frontal Lobe
105
Motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, personality
Frontal Lobe Functions
106
Postcentral gyrus: ridge just posterior to central sulcus (anterior border); Parieto-Occipital Sulcus: posterior border
Parietal Lobe
107
evaluating shape and texture of objects
Parietal Lobe Functions
108
inferior to lateral sulcus; functions include hearing and smell
Temporal Lobe
109
functions in vision and visual memories
Occipital Lobe
110
small lobe that can be observed by pulling away temporal lobe; functions in memory and sense of taste
Insula
111
Frontal Lobe; controls skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body
Primary Motor Cortex
112
Broca's area; located in inferolateral portion of left frontal lobe; controls movements for vocalization
Motor Speech Area
113
Located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes; receives somatic sensory information;
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
114
immediately posterior to postcentral gyrus; integrates touch information allowing us to identify objects by feel
Somatosensory Association Area
115
occipital lobe; association area surrounds and integrates color, form, and memory to allow us to identify things we see
Primary Visual cortex
116
temporal lobe; association area interprets sounds; stores and retrieves memories of sounds
Primary Auditory Cortex
117
temporal lobe; provides conscious awareness of smells
Primary Olfactory Cortex
118
Insula; involved in processing taste information
Primary Gustatory Cortex
119
left hemisphere; involved in language comprehension
Wernicke Area
120
regions of parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; integrates somatosensory, visual, and auditory information of association areas; provides comprehensive understanding of current activity
Gnostic Area
121
myelinated axons grouped into tracts; association tracts connect regions of the cerebral cortex within same hemisphere
Central White Matter
122
Gray matter deep in cerebrum that helps regulate motor output; amygaloid body: expanded region at tail of caudate nucleus (functions in mood and emotion)
Cerebral Nuclei
123
Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
124
covers the third ventricle; pineal gland: endocrine gland secreting melatonin, helps regulate day-night cycles (circadian rhythm); Habenular nuclei: help relay signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors
Epithalamus
125
masses of gray matter on lateral sides of third ventricle; receives signals from all conscious senses except olfaction; relays some signals to appropriate part of cortex and filter out distractions
Thalamus
126
Anteroinferior region; infundibulum: stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
127
Control of: ANS, endocrine system, temperature, emotional behavior, food and water intake, and circadian rhythm
Hypothalamus Functions
128
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata;
Brainstem
129
motor control
Mesencephalon/Midbrain
130
breathing
Pons
131
connection between brain and spinal cord and autonomic function
Medulla Oblongata
132
2nd largest brain area; Folia: folds; Vermis: narrow band of cortex between left and right lobes, receives sensory signals regarding torso and balance; Arbor Vitae: internal region of white matter
Cerebellum
133
Checks muscle activity, stores muscle memory, ensures smoothness, maintains equilibrium and posture;
Cerebellum Functions
134
the emotional brain;
Limbic System
135
above corpus callosum
Cingulate Gyrus
136
cortical tissue in temporal lobe
Parahippocampul gyrus
137
helps form long-term memories
Hippocampus
138
involved in many aspects of emotion and emotional memory especially fear
Amygdaloid Body
139
process odors that can provoke emotions
Olfactory bulbs, tracts, and cortex
140
white tract connecting hippocampus with other limbic structures
Fornix
141
loosely organized gray matter of brainstem; motor component: regulates muscle tone via spinal cord connections, assists in autonomic functions through brainstem connections; Sensory Component: reticular activating system, processes sensory information and brings alertness
Reticular Formation
142
Tract providing connection between brain hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
