Chapter 13 Flashcards by R ☆

A speech where Jimmy Carter complained that people were letting themselves be overtaken by a “crisis of confidence”

The Malaise Speech

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Former actor and governor of California that presented himself as Carter’s opposite and an outsider. Stressed the positive aspects of America and people liked his “can-do” attitude. Won the 1980 presidential election by a landslide

ps conservatists loved him to death

Ronald Reagan

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Liberal Republican that also ran in the 1980 presidential campaign against Carter. Attracted a sizable “protest vote” from those who might otherwise have supported Carter

John Anderson

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Reagan’s theory that described that economic growth can be most effectively fostered by lowering taxes and decrease spending

Theory of Supply-Side Economics

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A term used to describe the belief that if high-income earners gain an increase in salary, then everyone in the economy will benefit as their increased income and wealth filter through to all sections in society.

Trickle Down Economics / Voodoo Economics (George H.W. Bush)

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Americans who paid low income tax depended on these

Federal Enfranchisement Programs (ex: welfare, food stamps, Medicaid)

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Ronald Reagan’s policies and plans to shift power from the national government to the states- opposite of Federalism

New Federalism

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A space-based missile shield system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / Star Wars

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Final Soviet Leader during 1985-1991 that was credited for the Cold War’s end. Best known for his economic policy of perestroika

Mikhail Gorbachev

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Occurs when government spending outpaces revenue or the income drawn from taxes, fees, and investments

Federal Budget Deficit

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Reagan supported repressive regimes and right-wing insurgents in these states because they opposed communism

El Salvador
Panama
The Philippines
Mozambique

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U.S. military invaded this island to topple a new Communist government

Grenada

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A group of Nicaraguan insurgents (rebels) that were reported they were torturing and murdering civilians. Opposers of Sandinistas

Contras

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U.S. secretly sold weapons to Iran and then used the income to buy guns for the Contras

Iran-Contra Affair

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A member of the Security Council that took full credit of the Iran-Contra Affair

Oliver North

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Reagan administration sent marines to ______ as part of a United Nations peacekeeping force where a suicide bomb killed 240 servicemen and led to an eventual pullout of troops

Lebanon

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Reagan’s greatest successes in foreign policy:

U.S. - Soviet Relations

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Ronald Reagan’s jokes that led to an escalated arms race

“The evil empire”
“We began bombing in five minutes”

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Mikhail Gorbachev’s economic policy

Perestroika (restructuring)

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Mikhail Gorbachev’s social reforms

Glasnost (openness)

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Convinced many Americans that progressive liberalism was finally destroyed

Election of 1988

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Democratic candidate of the election of 1988 who was a governor of Massachusetts.

Michael Dukakis

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Republican candidate of the 1988 election (won) that called for a “kinder, gentler nation” and is most remembered for declaring “Read my lips: No new taxes”.

George Bush

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Urged kids to “Just say NO!”

Nancy Reagan

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Sought to mobilize conservative Americans to become politically active on issues they thought were important.

Moral Majority

A war fought between Iraq and a United States-led coalition of United Nations' forces. The war was a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and officially ended after Iraq agreed to a ceasefire in April 19

Persian Gulf War

Consisted mostly of massive air strikes against strategic Iraqi targets. Ended quickly with few American casualties

Operation Desert Storm

Leader of Iraq that invaded Kuwait and seized oil fields and threatened the world's access to Middle East oil

Saddam Hussein

A chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to numerous individuals or cause great damage to artificial structures, natural structures, or the biosphere.

Weapons of mass destruction

A militant Islamic political organization

Taliban

Leader of Al-Qaida that was finally captured and killed

Osama Bin Laden

Unofficially over, began after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Bush administration vowed to rout terrorist group Al-Qaida from its strongholds in Afghanistan while also curbing the power of Taliban

Afghanistan War (2001-present)

Presidents during the Afghanistan War:

George W. Bush Barack Obama Donald Trump

Large foreign policy of the United States that included the Iraq war and Afghanistan war

War on Terror

Conflict in Iraq that started when allegations were made that Saddam Hussein helped orchestrate 9/11 and his ongoing human rights violations against his own people and rumors or weapons of mass destruction (which turned out to be false) although over, this war continues to be controversial in politics

Iraq War (2003-2011)

In 1890, how many percent of immigrants were from Europe?

86%

From the 1970s - present, what are the fastest-growing ethnic minorities in the United States?

Hispanics and Asians

Where did Hispanics commonly move to in the United States?

California Texas Florida Southwest

Where did Asians commonly move to in the United States?

California

Contributed significantly to the increase in immigration of Hispanic and Asians and eliminated national quotas and set annual limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere and rest of the world. Gave priority to reuniting families, certain skilled workers, and political refugees.

Immigration Act of 1965

People who have fled from a homeland because of political persecution.

Political Refugees

Former president of Cuba that rebelled against a dictatorship government

Fidel Castro

Migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country or the continued residence without the legal right to live in that country.

Illegal immigration

Passed in 1986, outlawed the deliberate employment of illegal immigrants and granted legal status to some undocumented immigrants who entered the United States before 1982.

Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)

The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was also known as this

Simpson-Mazzoli Act[

An attempt to curb illegal immigration by offering temporary employment to workers by allowing them to work for a period of time before they would have to return to their home countries.

Guest Worker Programs

Guest worker program between the US and Mexico that lasted from 1942 to 1964 that hosted migrant farm workers. Was ended due to laborers who were frustrated at the decrease in wages and spike in agricultural employment

Bracero Program

First Democrat to be elected president since Jimmy Carter and first president to take office after the end of the Cold War. Major foreign policies of protection of human rights around the world

William Jefferson Clinton (Bill Clinton)

Vice president under Bill Clinton

Al Gore

Promotes an interconnectivity of nations by way of economic agreements (typically promoting free trade reduce tariffs), immigration, and military intervention

Globalism

Agreement that eliminated trade barriers among the united States, Mexico, and Canada.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

1947 global treaty that was similar NAFTA and sought to reduce trade barriers such as tariffs and preferential treatment

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Where Republican's power in Congress was limited by Clinton's moderating Democrat executive power

1994 Congressional Election

Speaker of the House whose contract with America outlined a specific series of laws the Republican Party wished to pass

Newt Gingrich

An infamous event of Clinton's presidency that led to his impeachment during his 2nd term. Sex scandal involving Clinton and Monica Lewinsky, a White House intern.

Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal

Headed investigations against members of the Clinton administration

Kenneth Starr

Series of real-estate dealings that began with an investigation into the real estate investments of Bill and Hillary Clinton in the Whitewater Development Corporation.

Whitewater Scandal

Formal accusation of wrongdoing

Impeachment

Who has the "sole power of impeachment"?

House of Representatives

One of Bill Clinton's major foreign policy goals

Protection of humans rights around the world

President of Serbia who conducted a brutal policy of "ethnic cleansing" against Balkan Muslims. Eventually tried and convicted for committing "crimes of humanity"

Slobodan Milosevic

Slobodan Milosevic was convicted for committing

Crimes of Humanity

Clinton's policy of allowing homosexuals to join the military if they kept their identity secret

"Don't ask, don't tell" policy

Two notable Supreme Court justices appointed by Bill Clinton

Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer

Two significant initiatives under Clinton that failed

Clinton's proposal for national health care program and campaign finance reform

Lost the 1876 election against Rutherford B. Hayes

Samuel J. Tilden

"New conservatism", a movement in sharp opposition to paleoconservatives and promoted the idea of spreading democracy worldwide and putting American corporate interests first through the use of military actions abroad.

Neo conservationism

Neoconservative thoughts

Global trade and open immigration

Neoconservatives

Dick Cheney Donald Rumsfeld Paul Wolfowitz

Traditional conservative that lamented the cost of military adventures overseas, the loss of domestic jobs incurred by global free-trade agreements, and the ravages of unrestricted immigration

Patrick J. Buchanan

1964 voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered Black voters in Mississippi

Freedom Summer (1964)

The first African American governor who served as governor of Louisiana for 15 days, from 12/29/1872 - 1/13/1873

P.B.S. Pinchback

Landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting (added following Freedom Summer in 1964)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Prohibited poll tax in elections that previously prevented African Americans to vote (added following Freedom Summer in 1964)

24th Amendment

First African American woman elected to Congress. Also become the first African American woman to run for president in 1972

Shirley Chisholm

African American who ran for the Democratic presidential nomination 1984 and 1988

Reverend Jesse Jackson

Secretaries under George W. Bush who occupied the most powerful political office that African Americans had held since Thurgood Marshall

Colin Powell Condoleezza Rice

First African American president of the United States

Barack Obama

A trend of mostly white, middle-class Americans leaving the cities for the suburbs

White Flight

One of the worst urban riots occurred as African Americans expressed outrage at the videotape of police beating this man

Rodney King

Forcing people to bus with other people

Forced Busing

Supreme court decision that held that an interdistrict remedy for unconstitutional segregation found in one district exceeded the scope of the violation

Milliken v. Bradley (1974)

Fundamental sects with people who take the bible seriously

Evangelicalism

Conservative evangelicals and fundamentalists

Billy Graham Jerry Falwell Pat Robertson

A movement formed by conservative groups that was evident in the key role it played to helping elect republicans Ronald Reagan and Newt Gingrich

New Right

Digital technology became easier to produce, and cheaper to purchase leading to the rise of technology usage

Digital Revolution

A stock market bubble in the late 1990s. The period coincided with massive growth in Internet adoption ended in 2001 but created tons of internet millionaires

Dot-com bubble

Passed over Truman's veto, restricted the ability to strike as well as the preferential hiring of union members

The Taft Hartley Act of 1947

Act that allowed banks to use their commercial deposits to speculate in the investment market. Forced banks to avoid a conflict of interest by deciding whether they would be commercial or investment banks

Glass-Steagall Act / Banking Act of 1933

Protects consumer financial privacy

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999)

2016 President of the US

Donald Trump

Bush and Obama administrations responded to this by providing financial assistance to major banks

Financial crash of 2008

Administrations responding to crashes by providing financial assistance to major banks

Banker Bailout

A controversial set of laws that aimed to regulate the medical industry and provide subsidies to uninsured Americans

Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)

A turbulent election marked by ideological divisions within the Republican Party and a bitter rivalry between populist real-estate mogul Donald Trump and Democrat Hillary Clinton

Election of 2016

Donald Trump's policies

New Populism

Election between Joe Biden and Donald Trump

Election of 2020