Chapter 13

Question 1

What theories do anthropologists use to capture the impact of the global on the local?

Answer 1

postcolonial and globalization theory

Question 2

What is globalization?

Answer 2

Reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale. Globalization is a new term not a new phenomenon

Question 3

What is an example of globalization?

Answer 3

Nutmeg is used as a case study of globalization

Question 4

What does anthropology focus on? (political economy)

Answer 4

Anthropology focuses on the intersection of power, politics, and economy in a global context, an approach often referred to as political economy

Question 5

What where the two shift in globalization in the 20th century?

Answer 5

1. From colonialism to the Cold War (after WW2)
   * First, Second, and Third Worlds (Third Way)
2. From the Cold War to “globalization” (late 1970s on)
   * Developed, Developing, Underdeveloped

Question 6

What dominated anthroplogical theorizing during the cold war?

Answer 6

Anthropological theorizing during the Cold War was dominated by debates about the efficacy of modernization theory and dependency theory

Question 7

What is modernization theory?

Answer 7

A theory that argues that the social change occurring in non-Western societies under colonial rule was a necessary and inevitable prelude to higher levels of social development that had been reached by the more “modern” nations

Question 8

What is dependency theory?

Answer 8

A theory that argues that the success of “independent” capitalist nations has required the failure of “dependent” colonies or nations whose economies have been distorted to serve the needs of dominant capitalist outsiders

Question 9

A theory that argues that the success of “independent” capitalist nations has required the failure of “dependent” colonies or nations whose economies have been distorted to serve the needs of dominant capitalist outsiders

Answer 9

This theory emerged from political and scholarly debates in Latin America in an effort to highlight the ongoing impact of colonialism on the economies of the Global South

Question 10

What is world system theory?

Answer 10

A theory that argues that capitalism incorporates various regions and peoples into a world system whose parts are linked economically but not politically.

Question 11

What is a core region?

Answer 11

the nations specializing in banking, finance, and highly skilled industrial production (powerful Western nations)

Question 12

What is a periphery region?

Answer 12

those exploited former colonies that supply the core with cheap food and raw materials

Question 13

What is a semi-periphery region?

Answer 13

states that have played peripheral roles in the past but that now have sufficient industrial capacity and other resources to possibly achieve core status in the future (Brazil, Mexico)

Question 14

What happened at the end of the cold war?

Answer 14

The apparent triumph of capitalism over communism at the end of the Cold War reanimated the defenders of modernization theory, now repackaged as neoliberalism

Question 15

What is neoliberalism?

Answer 15

A political perspective that promotes individual freedom, open markets, and free trade while opposing strong state involvement in personal and economic affairs.

Question 16

What new discourse of “development” becomes context for globalization and interference?

Answer 16

• International institutions and governing bodies dominated economies
• World Bank
• IMF
• Free Trade Agreements

Question 17

What is a direct example of the neoliberals programs?

Answer 17

The growth of debt in “developing” countries is a direct result of the neoliberal programs supported by the World Bank and IMF

Question 18

What did Arjun Appadurau state?

Answer 18

Arjun Appadurai (1990) points out that ever-intensifying global flows of people, technology, wealth, images, and ideologies are contradictory, generating global processes that fundamentally unorganized and unpredictable

Question 19

Cultural imperialism does not seem to explain the spread of Western music, fashion, food, and technology for three reasons:

Answer 19

It denies agency to non-Western peoples who make use of Western cultural forms

• It assumes that non-Western cultural forms never move “from the rest to the West”
• It ignores the fact that cultural forms and practices sometimes move from one part of the non-Western world to other parts of the non-Western world, bypassing the West entirely

Question 20

What is indigenization?

Answer 20

• Indigenization The process of bringing something foreign under the control of local people or of adapting something foreign to serve local purposes.
• Borrowing-with-modification

Question 21

What is cultural hybridization?

Answer 21

Cultural mixing that produces a new cultural form.

Question 22

Four problems with cultural hybridization…

Answer 22

1. Cultures have always been mixed and hybrid
2. The idea is based on notion of cultural mixing, but what is it that is mixed?
3. Its effects are experienced differently by those with power and those without power
4. It can divert attention away from social problems by hiding the differences between elite and non-elite experiences of multiculturalism

Question 23

What is cosmpolitanism?

Answer 23

Being at ease in more than one cultural setting.

Question 24

What was cosmpolitanism orignally refered to?

Answer 24

Originally referred to “rootless elites” living in metropolises

Question 25

What does critical cosmpolitanism recognize?

Answer 25

Critical cosmopolitanism recognizes the multiple experiences and expressions of cosmopolitanism among the rich and poor, western and non-western.

Question 26

What is diaspora?

Answer 26

A population that lives in a variety of locales around the world that are connected with a shared identity based on a shared history of dispersal from a homeland.

Jewish, African, and Armenian diasporas

Question 27

What is long-distance nationalists?

Answer 27

Members of a diaspora who begin to organize in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own.

Question 28

What is transnational communities?

Answer 28

not necessarily across multiple locations, but strong, immediate connection to homeland

Question 29

What is legal citizenship?

Answer 29

The rights and obligations of citizenship granted by the laws of a state.

Question 30

What is Substantive citizenship?

Answer 30

The actions people take, regardless of their legal citizenship status

Question 31

What is flexible citizenship?

Answer 31

• Strategies employed by individuals who regularly move across state boundaries in order to circumvent and benefit from different nation-state regimes.
• E.g. Chinese from Hong Kong

Question 32

What is a refugee?

Answer 32

A person who has fled war, violence, conflict, or persecution and has crossed an international border to find safety in another country

Question 33

What is a stateless person?

Answer 33

A person who is not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law

Question 34

What is an internally displaced person?

Answer 34

People who have fled their home due to war, violence, conflict, or persecution but have not crossed an international border

Question 35

What are human rights?

Answer 35

A set of rights that should be accorded to all human beings everywhere in the world.

Question 36

What are two major positions on the relationship between culture and human rights:

Answer 36

• Human rights are opposed to culture and that the two cannot be reconciled
• A key universal human right is precisely one’s right to culture

Question 37

what are rights vs culture?

Answer 37

In pitting human rights against culture, arguments contend that:
- “Cultures” are homogenous, unbounded, and unchanging sets of ideas and practices
- Each society has only one culture, which its members are obligated to follow

Question 38

What do international rights documents do?

Answer 38

Several international rights documents have recognized the right to maintain one’s own distinct culture

Question 39

What are the challenges with the documents?

Answer 39

• Human rights have been legally interpreted as individual rights and not group rights

Redressing violations of individual human rights requires nation-states to recognize and enforce these rights, yet the UN has been unwilling to challenge their sovereignty

Question 40

What are the rights of culture and what is is based on?

Answer 40

• The culture of human rights is based on certain ideas about the needs of human beings
• Legitimacy in human rights focuses on the role played by law
• Law is understood to be the “world view” that shapes the culture of human rights

Question 41

Culture as a way of thinking about rights…

Answer 41

1. It is possible to find ways of accommodating the universal discourse of human rights to the particularities of local conditions
2. No single model of the relationship between rights and culture will fit all cases