Chapter 13 Flashcards
3 Components aspects to emotion
- Subjective feeling
- DR usually; other ways - Body Changes
- Facial Expression, EMR, HR, etc. - Action Tendencies
- Angry = yell at
However, most E researchers - SR feelings
Different E components - Largely uncorrelated
Emotions, Discrete or dimensional?
A discrete case by Ekman , 1992
- There are very distinct basic emotions. Yet each emotion is quite different.
Some emotions have prototypical elicitors and distinct action tendency.
A dimensional case by
Basic emotions: Which ones?
- 6 basic emotions
Money, does it buy happiness?
- Many people pursue, perceived importance
- At levels of individuals, yes.
Yes if you live in poorer countries and no if you are in modern societies - Historic Lens
America has 2x more disposable income today compared to 1957. However, not higher in SWB. - Money like health
Total absence of problem but given some presence, we don’t need more.
What about work?
It’s not just something to endure, but for many it is…
- For many work is very rewarding
- Focused attention, energy
- Common goals (of employees)
- Life meaning, larger than self
When is work pleasure?
- When it provides optimal challenge
- too little would = boredom
- Too much = anxiety
- Right amount = just right flow
- Flow (Csikszentmihalyi)
- Not self conscious
- Aware, awake (vs. bored, sluggish)
- “Caught up” in activity
- Time flies
How often do you flow?
Flow findings/contention
- Work
- Seen as a Buden
- Actually promotes flow
- Leisure
- Seen as pleasure
“Interesting work is more fun than fun.”
Faith
- Religious people
- Less drugs, divorce, suicide
- In USA, religious people = more happy
- Religion or spirituality?
Ma rtin Seligman
- Follows on positive psychology
- Diener (1984)
- Ryff (1989)
- Seligman (2000)
Positive interactions
- Strength date
- Gratitude
- ## Have a wonderful day
Baumeister (1986)
History of self.
Why, what historical changes brought about self?
1) Social mobility
- Increased reflection of self
2) Adolescence,
- That transformation from child to adult, finding ones self.
3) Changes in religion
- Concerns of self’s salvation. Salvation determined individually. During the 17th and 18th century Age of Enlightenment.
4) Secular nature of society
- We are more secular. Which contributes to self creating sources of meaning, but also problems.
5) Relation between individual and society
- Back then, we used to be a cog in society. But now, we’ve become more self separable from larger whole
6) Focus on self actualization
- Each of us have our own pathway and make those decisions ourselves.
What causes self-Awareness?
1) Things that remind you of self (Wicklund)
- Own image, voice, and distinct manner.
2) When things are going wrong
- Mismatch between expectations and reality. Negative affects can lead to self-focus
3) More Choice
- More choice = more self awareness. Especially in important decisions. Options bring uncertainty
Why are we more self aware when things are going wrong?
- Need to reassess self and its assumptions
-
self-awareness theory
- Self does not always influence behaviors
- Must become a focus of attention
- Much of time, people not self aware
Two routes to behavior
Trade offs that produce behavior
1) Habit/Situational influence
2) Attitudes/Intentions
Wicklund (199)
- When self is more aware, it contributes to behavior
Carver (1975)
Punitiveness and Shock
Gibbons (1978)
- Sex guilt inventory (attitudes towards sex)
- rate appeal to pornographic passage
- Results:
- More self aware (No mirror)
Ratings not consistent with sex guilt scores - Self aware (Mirror)
Rating consistent with sex guilt scores
Diener and Wallbom (1976)
- Most Americans are opposed to cheating
- Results:
- More self awareness reduce cheating.
- Mirror present or not present acted as a manipulator on indicting self awareness. Not self aware people 71% worked beyond time. While mirror aware people worked 7% beyond time.
Deinviduation
- Extreme loss of self-awareness.
Caused by fatigue, alcohol, institutional dress, distraction, and being around a lot of people.
Results
* people get caught in the “moment”
* Might do behaviors counter to attitudes, values
* ND students burn park benches, litter
Conclusion
- Self does not always exert effect on behavior
- Rather, does so when self is focus of attention
Assortative Mating Hypothesis
People will gravitate toward mates similar to self in physical characteristics but it’s a by product of environment.
Bo twin Studies
Assortative mating
- Self and preferred mate
There was a score in terms of E,A,C,N,O
- Correlations consistently positive
Extroverted self = want extravertiertere person
Neutrotic self = want more neurotic - Women somehow have higher correlations…why?
High Marital Satisifaction
- Want High agreeableness, consciousness, and low neuroticism
Machosvellianism
- Machiavelli , the prince, 1513
Book about social life. Depicts a diplomat; gaining and keeping interpersonal power. Had to ingratiate to a new ruler. - Christie & Geis (1970)
Self report measure of Machicavelliism. Created a self report measure to assess people
People with high Mich are manipulative, cynical world view, treat others as pawns or tools, do not trust or feel empathy
People with low Mich are cooperative on strategy. Reciprocity.
