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Psych Test > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

A

Social Psychology

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2
Q

We look at how such things as ____________, __________, and __________ relate to people and their behavior in social contexts.

A

Perception
Cognition
Emotion

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3
Q

Refers to how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

A

Social cognition

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4
Q

Refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

A

Person Perception

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5
Q

This is not the same as ________ (is the study of human societies, organizations, and institutions).

A

Sociology

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6
Q

The _____ is one important cue that influences perception and impressions of others.

A

Face

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7
Q

Examined the ways that perceptions of faces influence political elections.

A

Todorov and his colleagues

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8
Q

Researchers asked people to rate the competence of individuals from photographs of their faces. Respondents’ ratings acculturately predicted the outcome for about ___ of the elections.

A

70%

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9
Q

Has been recognized as a powerful social cue.

A

Physical attractiveness

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10
Q

Found that even infants as young as 3 to 6 months of age showed a preference for looking at attractive faces versus unattractive faces, as rated by adults.

A

Judith Langlois and her colleagues

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11
Q

Are generally assumed to have a variety of other positive characteristics, including being better adjusted, socially skilled, friendly, likeable, extroverted, and likely to achieve superior job performance.

A

Attractive individuals

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12
Q

These positive expectations for physically attractive individuals have been referred to as “___________ __ ______” ________.

A

“Beautiful is good” stereotype

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13
Q

Is a generalization about a group that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

A

Stereotype

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14
Q

Is a belief about a group that we tend to apply to the entire group.

A

Stereotype

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15
Q

One way that stereotypes can influence individuals is through what is called _____-_________ __________.

A

Self fulfilling prophecy

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16
Q

Expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true.

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

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17
Q

Recent research has added another fascinating contributor to what makes a face attractive: __________.

A

Attention

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18
Q

The more we attend to a face, the more attractive it becomes, as compared to faces that have not captured our ________.

A

Attention

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19
Q

When we first meet someone, typically the new acquaintance quickly makes an impression. Can have lasting effects.

A

First Impressions

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20
Q

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others’ behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is called _________.

A

Attribution

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21
Q

Sees people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of behavior.

A

Attribution theory

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22
Q

Attributions vary along 3 dimensions. What are they?

A
  1. Internal/external causes
  2. Stable/unstable causes
  3. Controllable/uncontrollable causes
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23
Q

Internal attributions include all causes inside and specific to the person, such as his or her traits and abilities.External attributions include all causes outside the person, such as social pressure, aspects of the social situation, money, the weather, and luck.

A

Internal/ external causes

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24
Q

Is the cause of behavior relatively enduring and permanent, or is it temporary?

A

Stable/unstable causes

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25
Q

Do we perceive people as having power over some causes but not others?

A

Controllable/uncontrollable causes

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26
Q

In attribution theory, the person who produces the behavior (to be explained) is called the ______.

A

Actor

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27
Q

The person who offers a casual explanation of the actor’s behavior is called the __________.

A

Observer

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28
Q

Actors often explain their own behavior in terms of __________ _____.

A

External causes

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29
Q

In contrast, observers frequently explain the actor’s behavior in terms of ________ ________.

A

Internal causes

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30
Q

In committing the ______________ __________ _______, observers overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor’s behavior.

A

Fundamental attribution error

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31
Q

Are cognitive shortcuts that allow us to make decisions rapidly.

A

Heuristics

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32
Q

Are helpful tools for navigating the complex social landscape, although they can lead to mistakes.

A

Heuristics

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33
Q

Can be considered a type of heuristic in that they allow us to make quick judgements using very little information.

A

Stereotypes

34
Q

A common heuristic is the _____ __________ _______.

A

False consensus effect

35
Q

Is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do. Not that the fundamental attribution error and this are both related to the special significance of our own thoughts and circumstances.

A

False consensus effect

36
Q

Both of these effects reflect the vast amount of information we have about ourselves relative to the more limited information we have about other people, and they suggest the special place of the self in social information processing.

A

Fundamental attribution error and False consensus effect

37
Q

Is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

A

Social psychology

38
Q

The _____ obviously plays a major role in social information processing.

A

Self

39
Q

The ____ is different from other social objects because we know a great deal more about ourselves than we do about others. The _____ is special because we have direct access to private experiences and more so because we value ourselves.

A

Self
Self

40
Q

One variable is ___-______, the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

A

Self-esteem

41
Q

Individuals with high self-esteem often possess a variety of _________ _________-rosy views of themselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

A

Positive illusions

42
Q

Have shown that many of us think of ourselves as above average on a number of valued characteristics, including how trustworthy and attractive we are.

A

Sedikides and his colleagues

43
Q

The very definition of _______ indicates that not all of us can be above average.

A

Average

44
Q

According to _______ _______ and her colleagues, having positive illusions about self is often related to heightened well-being.

A

Shelly Taylor

45
Q

Refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures. Successes tend to be explained internally while failures are explained by external causes.

A

Self-serving bias

46
Q

Studied how another aspect of the self might relate to important outcomes.

A

Fredrickson and Roberts

47
Q

Refers to the tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in others’ eyes.

A

Self-objectification

48
Q

Is an individual’s fast-acting, self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

A

Stereotype Threat

49
Q

A person who experiences ___________ _______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of the group.

A

Stereotype Threat

50
Q

Comparing ourselves to other people is one way we come to understand our own behavior.

A

Social Comparison

51
Q

Refers to the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

A

Social Comparison

52
Q

Helps us to evaluate ourselves, tells us what our distinctive characteristics are, and aids us in building an identity.

A

Social Comparison

53
Q

According to Leon Festinger’s theory of social comparison, _______ social comparisons-comparing ourselves to those who are better off than we are-can foster feelings of envy and inadequacy; while ________ social comparisons-comparing ourselves with others who are less fortunate- can make us feel better about our own lives.

A

Upward
Downward

54
Q

Another focus of social psychology is in the study of _________.

A

Attitudes

55
Q

Are our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas.

A

Attitudes

56
Q

If you are very passionate about recycling, you are less likely to pitch that soda can in the trash than someone who has only a weak attitude.

A

When the person’s attitudes are strong

57
Q

A person who has been asked to gave a speech about the benefits for not smoking is more likely to not smoke than an individual with the same attitude about smoking but has not put the idea into words or defined it in public.

A

When the person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes and when the person rehearses and practices them

58
Q

People are more likely to act on attitudes when the issue at stake is something that will affect them personally.

A

When the person has vested interest

59
Q

Involves trying to change someone’s attitude and many times behavior as well.

A

Persuasion

60
Q

The characteristics of the communicator are important. Characteristics that influence credibility include trustworthiness, expertise, power, attractiveness, likability, and similarity.

A

The communicator

61
Q

Another important element in persuasion is the vehicle (i.e. technology) used to get the message across

A

The medium

62
Q

Two characteristics of the audience are age and strength of attitude that may determine its effectiveness.

A

The target (audience)

63
Q

Some messages involve logical arguments and others may involve exciting emotions.

A

The message

64
Q

The elaboration likelihood model describes two ways to persuade. What are they?

A
  1. Central route
  2. Peripheral route
65
Q

Persuasion focuses on engaging someone through a thoughtful, sound, logical argument.

A

Central route

66
Q

Persuasion uses non-message factors such as the source’s credibility and attractiveness or emotional appeals.

A

Peripheral route

67
Q

Social psychologists have studied a variety of ways in which social psychological principles influence whether a salesperson make that sale.

A

Successful persuasion

68
Q

This strategy involves making a smaller request at the beginning (3 month trial subscription), saving the biggest demand for last (how about a full year?)

A

Foot-in-door technique

69
Q

Strategy involves making the biggest pitch at the beginning, which the customer probably will reject, and then making a smaller “concessionary’ demand.

A

Door-in-the-face technique

70
Q

Relies on the fact that the customer feels a sense of reciprocity and obligation: because you let him off the hook with that big request, maybe he should be nice and take the smaller offer.

A

Door-in-the-face technique

71
Q

Predict prosocial behavior

A

Psychological factors

72
Q

Is another factor in altruism

A

Empathy

73
Q

Is a person’s feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another. The key to truly altruistic behavior for Daniel Batson, is the extent to which we are able to put ourselves in another person’s shoes.

A

Empathy

74
Q

Agreeableness is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors. Agreeableness is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex, a brain area associated with understanding other people’s beliefs and with empathy.

A

Personality

75
Q

Can play role in selfless behavior. For example, research strongly concludes that happy people are more likely to help others than unhappy people.

A

Mood

76
Q

Several psychological factors appear to be involved in ________. They include personality characteristics, frustrating circumstances, and cognitive and learning factors.

A

Aggression

77
Q

Low levels of agreeableness are associated with more aggressive behavior. A constellation of traits-including low agreeableness, low conscientiousness, and high levels of neuroticism-are associated with aggression.

A

Personality

78
Q

A meta-analysis showed that individuals who are high on hostility and irritability are more likely to behave aggressively, whether provoked or not.

A

Personality

79
Q

The frustration-aggression hypothesis states that frustration always leads to aggression. Psychologists recognized that, besides frustration, there are a broad range of aversive experiences that can cause aggression.

A

Frustrating and Aversive Circumstances

80
Q

Aggressive behavior often starts with aggressive thoughts. Leonard Berkowitz has shown that the mere presence of a weapon (a gun) may prime hostile thoughts and produce aggression.

A

Cognitive Determinants

81
Q

Social cognitive theorists believe that individuals learn aggression through reinforcement and observational learning. The classic experiment by Albert Bandura using a bobo doll demonstrates that aggression can be repeated if observed in someone else.

A

Observational Learning

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