Chapter 13

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

Any action with the INTENT to harm

Question 2

Hostile Aggression

Answer 2

Motivated by anger, hostility, or genuinely wanting to hurt the other person (either physically or psychologically)

Question 3

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 3

Behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pur hostility (e.g. seeking attention, acquiring wealth, political advantages)

Question 4

How does violent media affect people’s behavior?

Answer 4

People generally got more aggressive and increased the endorsement of aggression against women in the short term.
*The effects are stronger when we identify with the violent actor and when we feel the violence was justified

Question 5

How’s the external validity of media violence?

Answer 5

• Does not correlate with violen crime rates
• Aggression in lab may not equal criminally aggressive behavior irl
• Short-term increase may not predict long-term changes

Question 6

What’s the general effect of video games?

Answer 6

• Increases aggressive behavior, thoughts and emotions
• Reduces prosocial behavior
• Increase blood pressure

Question 7

Why would high temperature correlate with higher crime rates?

Answer 7

• People conceptualize anger as heat
• People interact more in summer months… (but then nonviolent crime should also increase)
• Heat increases physiological arousal and we often misattribute the source of the arousal

Question 8

What does people experience when they get socially rejected?

Answer 8

Being socially rejected activates same neural regions as physical pain, which increases stress and elevates blood pressure.

Question 9

What is the correlation between social rejection and aggression?

Answer 9

• People who report chronic rejection are more likely to act aggressively in romantic relationships
• People who imagine a rejected future are more likely to blast strangers with white noise in lab

Question 10

How does income inequality correlate with aggression?

Answer 10

• Correlates positively with murder, rape and assault rates
• Children more likely to experience conflict and bullying
• High income inequality neighborhoods experience more violence

Question 11

The ____ does nothing by itself; its influence is channeled through the ____ process.

Answer 11

Situation; construal

Question 12

Once angry, people think that things are more ____, people are more ____ towards them, and more ways to inflicting ____ onto others.

Answer 12

unfair, negative, harm

Question 13

Presence of guns doesn’t increase aggression . However, when we’re angry, gun is interpreted as a ____ and can be used for ____.

Answer 13

weapon; aggression

Question 14

Why would the presence of guns not increase aggressive behavior in hunters?

Answer 14

They construe guns as sporting/recreational gear unrelated to aggression and violence

Question 15

Dehumanization

Answer 15

Tendency to attribute nonhuman characteristics to outgroup members

Question 16

Tendency to dehumanize others increases with ____ ____

Answer 16

Ingroup loyalty

Question 17

Culture of honor

Answer 17

A culture that is defined by its members’ strong concern about their own and other’s reputations

Question 18

What does the Culture of Honor and Insults Study illustrate?

Answer 18

When insulted, Southern males showed more facial expressions of anger, shook hands more firmly, had severe spikes in testosterone, refused to move out of the way for other confederates, and were more likely to become aggressive

Question 19

The rates of felony-related murders are similar in different regions of the US, but ____-related murders are much more common in the US ____ and ____ than in other regions

Answer 19

argument; South; Southwest

Question 20

Rape-prone cultures

Answer 20

Where rape is commonly used in war, ritual, or threat

Question 21

Characteristics of rape-prone cultures

Answer 21

• Historically high levels of violence
• Emphasis on male toughness and machismo
• Women had lower status

Question 22

Inclusive fitness

Answer 22

Evolutionary theory that fitness of individual is based on reproductive success and passing of own’s genes down
- We want to increase inclusive fitness – therefore we nurture our children

Question 23

Precarious manhood hypothesis

Answer 23

The idea that a man’s gender identity of strength and toughness may be lost under various conditions and that such a loss can trigger aggressive behavior (脆弱的男子气概belike)

Question 24

What are some concepts related to misperception and polarization?

Answer 24

• Dehumanizing and misrepresenting a group
• With us or against us rhetoric
• Evil vs. Good`

Question 25

Reactive decaluation

Answer 25

Attaching less value to an offer in a negotiation once the opposing group makes it
*the fact that the enemy makes an offer makes it suspicious – makes negotiations rather difficult

Question 27

Simplistic Reasoning and Rhetoric

Answer 27

• Simple reasoning is seductive, but rarely effective in solving conflicts

Question 28

What are some ways to reduce conflict/reconciliate?

Answer 28

• Face-to-face communication can greatly reduce conflict
• Restorative justice system – perpetrators try to apologize and victims try to forgive (victims report fewer thoughts of revenge and more likely to say justice system is fair)